Humans: A homeothermic animal that needs perturbation?

Tipton, Michael J.

doi:10.1113/ep087450

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Going one step further, it could be speculated that MF participants were training at an intensity high enough to sufficiently stimulate heat loss in each session, whereas LF participants did not reach that threshold. In view of a low ΔT re , LF participants might have just not been sufficiently thermally challenged (Tipton, ). Indeed, a similar effect has been observed in the adaptive response to HeA, whereby participants who were exercising at a lower H prod displayed a lower reduction in T re during a subsequent heat‐stress test (Corbett, Rendell, Massey, Costello, & Tipton, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic but not thermoregulatory gains following a 10‐day moderate‐intensity training protocol are fitness level dependent: A cross‐adaptation perspective

et al. 2020

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Moderate‐intensity exercise sessions are incorporated into heat‐acclimation and hypoxic‐training protocols to improve performance in hot and hypoxic environments, respectively. Consequently, a training effect might contribute to aerobic performance gains, at least in less fit participants. To explore the interaction between fitness level and a training stimulus commonly applied during acclimation protocols, we recruited 10 young males of a higher (more fit‐MF, peak aerobic power [VO2peak]: 57.9 [6.2] ml·kg−1·min−1) and 10 of a lower (less fit‐LF, VO2peak: 41.7 [5.0] ml·kg−1·min−1) fitness level. They underwent 10 daily exercise sessions (60 min@50% peak power output [Wpeak]) in thermoneutral conditions. The participants performed exercise testing on a cycle ergometer before and after the training period in normoxic (NOR), hypoxic (13.5% FiO2; HYP), and hot (35°C, 50% RH; HE) conditions in a randomized and counterbalanced order. Each test consisted of two stages; a steady‐state exercise (30 min@40% NOR Wpeak to evaluate thermoregulatory function) followed by incremental exercise to exhaustion. VO2peak increased by 9.2 (8.5)% (p = .024) and 10.2 (15.4)% (p = .037) only in the LF group in NOR and HE, respectively. Wpeak increases were correlated with baseline values in NOR (r = −.58, p = .010) and HYP (r = −.52, p = .018). MF individuals improved gross mechanical efficiency in HYP. Peak sweat rate increased in both groups in HE, whereas MF participants activated the forehead sweating response at lower rectal temperatures post‐training. In conclusion, an increase in VO2peak but not mechanical efficiency seems probable in LF males after a 10‐day moderate‐exercise training protocol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic but not thermoregulatory gains following a 10‐day moderate‐intensity training protocol are fitness level dependent: A cross‐adaptation perspective

et al. 2020

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“…Have we become too comfortable? This question, posed by Tipton in 2019, 1 refers to the fact that humans have become increasingly sedentary and physiologically unchallenged due to the high degree of control we have imposed over our environment. Humans are endothermic, maintaining a near constant core temperature no matter what the temperature of their surroundings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved mood following a single immersion in cold water

Kelly

Bird

2021

Lifestyle Medicine

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Background: An increasing volume of anecdotal and scientific evidence suggests that mood may be enhanced following swimming in cold water. The exact mechanisms responsible are largely unknown, but may include the effects of exercise from swimming and the effects of cold. This study examined the effect on mood following immersion in cold water, where swimming was not the primary activity. Methods:The Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire was completed by 64 undergraduate students. The following week, 42 participants completed up to 20-min immersion (18ʹ36ʺ ± 1ʹ48ʺ) in cold sea water (13.6 • C). Twenty-two participants acted as controls. The POMS was completed immediately following the cold-water immersion by both groups. Results:The cold-water immersion group showed a significant decrease, with a large effect size, of 15 points from 51 to 36, compared to 2 points in the control group, 42 to 40. Positive sub-scales increased significantly in the cold-water immersion group (Vigour by 1.1, and Esteem-Related Affect by 2.2 points) and negative sub-scales showed significant reductions (Tension by 2.5, Anger 1.25, Depression 2.1, Fatigue 2.2, and Confusion 2.8 points). The control showed no significant change except for depression, which was significantly higher after the period by 1.6 points. Conclusion:Cold-water immersion is a well-tolerated therapy that is capable of significantly improving mood in young, fit, and healthy individuals. A key aim of this study was to control for the effects of swimming as a mechanism responsible for the improvement in mood which has been shown in previous studies. Thus, the change in mood evidenced in this study was not due to physical activity per se. Consequently, the hypothesis that cold in and of itself can improve mood is supported.

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“…Although such a ‘thermostatic’ existence would seem advantageous for a homeostatic animal, the dynamic equilibria that underpin homeostasis need to be perturbed to remain functional, much in the same way as the musculoskeletal system must be challenged to retain its capacity. Supporting this view, in recent years we have seen numerous research papers reporting the physical and mental health benefits of exposing people to artificial heating or cooling (Tipton, 2018), thereby recreating the types of perturbations and challenges that would occur daily if free‐living and active in a natural environment. Of course, with even more extreme natural environments as a result of climate change, people are less likely to be able to exercise outdoors.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%