Humidity control in the laboratory using salt solutions—a review

Young, J. F.

doi:10.1002/jctb.5010170901

Cited by 520 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The annual average relative humidity varies from one location to another, but variations at a location around this annual average are narrowed to 20-30% (Figure 2b). The relation between salt concentration and relative humidity of electrolyte solutions is well known 48 and it can be chosen depending on the place of use. Salts like LiCl and MgCl can reduce the internal relative humidity of the gel down to 11% and 33%, respectively.…”

Section: Coat and Humectantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable and Washable Conductors for Active Textiles

Floch

Yao

Liu

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

138

116

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ABSTRACT:The emergence of stretchable electronics and its potential integration with textiles have highlighted a challenge: textiles are wearable and washable, but electronic devices are not. Many stretchable conductors have been developed to enable wearable active textiles, but little has been done to make them washable. Here we demonstrate a new class of stretchable conductors that can endure wearing and washing conditions commonly associated with textiles.Such a conductor consists of a hydrogel, a dissolved hygroscopic salt, and a butyl rubber coating.The hygroscopic salt enables ionic conduction, and matches the relative humidity of the hydrogel 2 to the average ambient relative humidity. The butyl rubber coating prevents the loss and gain of water due to the daily fluctuation of ambient relative humidity. We develop the chemistry of dip coating the butyl rubber onto the hydrogel, using silanes to achieve both the crosslink of the butyl rubber and the adhesion between the butyl rubber and the hydrogel. We test the endurance of the conductor by soaking it in detergent while stretching it cyclically, and by machinewashing it. The loss of water and salt is minimal. It is hoped that these conductors open applications in healthcare, entertainment, and fashion.3

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Section: Coat and Humectantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable and Washable Conductors for Active Textiles

Floch

Yao

Liu

et al. 2017

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

138

116

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“…In classical techniques, derived from chemical engineering methods, the suction in the material is controlled. One of them is to control the vapour phase by submitting samples to a relative humidity regulated with salt solutions in a desiccator (Delage et al 1998;Romero et al 2001;Young 1967). Another technique that reproduces air circulation is the convective drying test during which air is blew at the material surface (Ta 2009;Gerard et al 2010;Léonard et al 2005).…”

Section: Soil-atmosphere Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Local Second Gradient Model and Shear Strain Localisation to Model the Excavation Damaged Zone in Unsaturated Claystone

2014

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The drilling of galleries induces damage propagation in the surrounding medium and creates, around them, the Excavation Damaged Zone, EDZ. The prediction of the extension and fracture structure of this zone remains a major issue especially in the context of underground nuclear waste storage. Experimental studies on geomaterials indicate that localised deformation in shear band mode usually appears prior to fractures. Thus, the excavation damaged zone can be modelled by considering the development of shear strain localisation bands. In the classical finite element framework, strain localisation suffers of a mesh-dependency problem. Therefore, an enhanced model with a regularisation method is required to correctly model the strain localisation behaviour. Among the existing methods, we choose the coupled local second gradient model. We extend it to unsaturated conditions and we include the solid grain compressibility. Furthermore, air ventilation inside underground galleries engenders a rock-atmosphere interaction that could influence the damaged zone. This interaction has to be investigated in order to predict the damaged zone behaviour. Finally, a hydro-mechanical modelling of a gallery excavation in claystone is presented and leads to a fairly good representation of the EDZ. The main objectives of this study are to model the fractures by considering shear strain localisation bands and to investigate if an isotropic model accurately reproduces the in situ measurements. The numerical results provide information about the damaged zone extension, structure and behaviour that are in very good agreement with in situ measurements and observations. For instance, the strain localisation bands develop in chevron pat-B. Pardoen * · S. Levasseur · F. Collin Université de Liège, Département ArGEnCo, Chemin des Chevreuils 1, 4000 Liège, Belgium Tel.: +32-4-3662033 E-mail: b.pardoen@ulg.ac.be * FRIA, F.R.S.-FNRS scholarship holder tern during the excavation and rock desaturation is observed close to the gallery due to air ventilation.

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“…Two to three grams samples of beverage and its powder filled in sterilized glass weighing dishes were placed in six separate desiccators containing saturated salt solutions for maintaining relative humidity (RH) levels from 11 to 85 %. The salt solutions used and corresponding relative humidities at different temperature are reported by several authors (Young 1967;Benado and Rizvi 1985;Gal 1975;Labuza 1984;Palipane and Driscoll 1992). The six jars were placed in an oven adjusted to a fixed temperature for 24 h so as to bring the salt solutions to a constant temperature.…”

Section: Sorption Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moisture sorption characteristics of freeze dried whey–grape beverage mix

Varghese¹,

Radhakrishna²,

Bawa³

2012

J Food Sci Technol

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Moisture sorption isotherms of freeze dried whey-grape beverage powder were determined at 20, 30 and 40°C. A gravimetric static method was used under 0.11-0.85 water activity range and the sorption isotherms were found to be Type II. Various mathematical models were fitted to experimental data and it was found that Peleg model suits best in describing the equilibrium moisture content-equilibrium relative humidity relationships of instant whey-grape beverage mix over the range of temperatures studied. The net isosteric heat of sorption varied between 5.22 and 1.12 KJ/mol at moisture level varying between 1 and 9 % db. At moisture content below 1 % (db) the isosteric heat of sorption increased sharply for freeze dried whey-grape beverage powder and value of 49.08 KJ/mol was estimated.

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Humidity control in the laboratory using salt solutions—a review

Cited by 520 publications

References 22 publications

Wearable and Washable Conductors for Active Textiles

Wearable and Washable Conductors for Active Textiles

Using Local Second Gradient Model and Shear Strain Localisation to Model the Excavation Damaged Zone in Unsaturated Claystone

Moisture sorption characteristics of freeze dried whey–grape beverage mix

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