Hybrid Blockchain Platforms for the Internet of Things (IoT): A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

In recent years, research into blockchain technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly due to an increase in media coverage. Many different blockchain applications and platforms have been developed for different purposes, such as food safety monitoring, cryptocurrency exchange, and secure medical data sharing. However, blockchain platforms cannot store all the generated data. Therefore, they are supported with data warehouses, which in turn is called a hybrid blockchain platform. While several systems have been developed based on this idea, a current state-of-the-art systematic overview on the use of hybrid blockchain platforms is lacking. Therefore, a systematic literature review (SLR) study has been carried out by us to investigate the motivations for adopting them, the domains at which they were used, the adopted technologies that made this integration effective, and, finally, the challenges and possible solutions. This study shows that security, transparency, and efficiency are the top three motivations for adopting these platforms. The energy, agriculture, health, construction, manufacturing, and supply chain domains are the top domains. The most adopted technologies are cloud computing, fog computing, telecommunications, and edge computing. While there are several benefits of using hybrid blockchains, there are also several challenges reported in this study.

Trust Model Concept for IoT Blockchain Applications as Part of the Digital Transformation of Metrology

“…Regarding the blockchain IoT applications, there are numerous technical solutions discussed [10,11], also including possible IIoT applications [12]. Thereby, it seems that blockchain technology has needed properties for the FAIR+T approach, as shown in Table 1, to answer the most technical challenges of digital transformation of metrology.…”

“…For the category "Miscellaneous", i.e., references that do not have a focus on of our most relevant six categories, the main topic is listed in the table. IoT blockchain application (IB) [10][11][12]27] Oracle issue of blockchain (OB) [3,23,25] Metrology in general (M) [4, 5,22,28,33,44,47] Digital transformation of metrology (TM) [6][7][8][9]20,21,42,43] Blockchain as possible infrastructure for digital transformation of metrology (BTM) [13][14][15]24,45,46] Miscellaneous anti-tampering and security [29][30][31][32][33] multi-sensor approach [35,36] data market [39][40][41] Although important for each particular use case, no reference has a holistic approach, and this kind of approach is crucial if one wants to establish a full trust hierarchy as explained in more detail in Section 2, and thoroughly analyzed throughout our paper, which is trying to close precisely this gap.…”

Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups

“…The massive adoption of major blockchains since the launch of Bitcoin in 2008 has proven the value of this decentralized technology, especially in financial areas. Even if its initial and main application was in the financial domain, it has been applied in other areas, such as IoT [4][5][6], networks of vehicles [7] and marketplaces [8]. Blockchains can be used in these contexts to provide integrity, auditability, and accountability, to remove central points and to give the power back to consumers.…”

Deployment Optimization Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Cities: A Systematic Mapping Study

“…In the forest, they detect the behavior of wildlife, wildfire outbreaks, and landslides, in addition to monitoring and tracking air pollution, earthquakes, flood detection, and many other disasters [ 13 , 14 ]. In agriculture, WSNs can be used in smart farming, crop management, irrigation management, disease detection, and yield prediction, as well as monitoring temperature, humidity, and soil moisture measurements [ 15 , 16 ]. In the medical field, WSNs can be used for remote patient status monitoring, diagnosis, and emergency response [ 17 ].…”