“…Since DE was introduced, numerous studies have been conducted to design new DE variants in an effort to improve performance, including adaptive trial vector generation strategy schemes [31,32,33,34,35,36], adaptive and self-adaptive parameter control schemes [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44], ensemble DE variants [45,46,47], and incorporating external techniques such as α-stable distribution based mutations [48,49,50,51], neighborhood-based mutations [52], and OBLs [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]. For more detailed explanations of the state-of-the-art DE variants, please refer to the following surveys [5,3,6,7].…”