Hybrid watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition ghost imaging

Abstract

A hybrid watermarking algorithm with an optical watermark image based on singular value decomposition (SVD) ghost imaging is designed. Simultaneously, the blended watermarking algorithm is designed based on 4-level discrete wavelet transform (DWT), discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The 4-level diagonal sub-band image is obtained by performing 4-level two-dimensional wavelet transform on the original image, and the coefficient matrix is produced by applying the discrete cosine transform on the 4-level diagonal sub-band image. Then, three matrices are obtained by performing the singular value decomposition on the coefficient matrix. In addition, the optical watermark image is encrypted by an SVD ghost imaging system. The system could generate a secret key, and unauthorized users could not decrypt and reconstruct the original watermark image without this key. Later the encrypted watermark image is generated into the other three matrices by singular value decomposition. Afterwards, the encrypted watermark is embedded in the host image by mutual operation of different matrices in the algorithm. Simulation results validate the feasibility of the proposed hybrid watermarking scheme.

A Robust and Secure Watermarking Approach Based on Hermite Transform and SVD-DCT

“…Implementing the algorithms that we selected to compare our method was difficult because, in some cases, the authors did not include their proposals with details, so we took their published results. In Table 6, we present the results of our proposal compared with [1,5,6,9,13,17,29,[31][32][33][34][35]. In all cases, the original image used was Lena.…”

“…To have more statistical significance, we included a comparison with [1,5,9,13,17,[33][34][35]] using other images (Barbara, Baboon, Peppers, and Pirate) . In Table 7, we present the obtained results for each method after inserting the watermark.…”

“…Finally, we decided to include a comparison with other techniques using different images. The comparison of Gaussian noise with [33] is presented in Table 15 using the Barbara image. Table 16 shows the metrics' values after applying SP noise compared with [34], using the Pirateimage, and Table 17 presents the comparison of JPEG compression, using the Baboon image, with [17,34].…”

“…Other hybrid algorithms were developed by Wu, J.Y. et al [33,34]. On the one hand, in [33], they presented a scheme using SVD (to improve robustness), the DWT, and the DCT.…”

“…et al [33,34]. On the one hand, in [33], they presented a scheme using SVD (to improve robustness), the DWT, and the DCT. Their proposal included a process to encrypt the watermark by an SVD ghost imaging system.…”