Hydrate Deposition Model and Flow Assurance Technology in Gas-Dominant Pipeline Transportation Systems: A Review

Abstract

With the exploration and development of natural gas gradually extended to the deep sea, low-temperature and high-pressure environmental conditions and long-distance transportation make flow assurance engineers have to consider the impact of the formation and blockage of natural gas hydrates on the flow stability in the pipeline. Therefore, an inadequate understanding of the hydrate formation and plugging mechanism in a gas-rich (gas-dominant) system has become a serious obstacle to the prediction of hydrate formation and implementation of blocking prevention and control strategies. To this end, this review has conducted a comprehensive review of recent experimental investigations into hydrate formation and blockage in gas-rich systems in flow loop devices, and the physical models to characterize the clogging mechanism of hydrates established by previous scholars were summarized. In addition, the three flow patterns of the gas-rich system were divided, and the hydrate deposition mechanism corresponding to each flow pattern and the prediction model of the deposition layer thickness was summarized. Eventually, the natural gas hydrate mitigation and prophylaxis and restrain strategies used in the process of deep-sea natural gas transportation were summarized, including advantages and disadvantages of natural gas dehydration, changing the gas flow rate, and adding chemical inhibitors. The advantages and feasibility of an under-inhibited system and changing the gas flow rate for the management and prevention of hydrate blockage were emphasized. The conclusion can improve the safety index of natural gas development and transportation operations and reduce the output loss of natural gas energy and economic loss of hydrate anti-blocking.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Biosynthesis of Zn-doped CuFe2O4 nanoparticles and their cytotoxic activity

“…Thus, the current growing trends show that nanotechnology is playing an important role in the scientific revolutions. Recent developments in science 18 – 28 and technology 29 – 39 even in engineering 40 – 42 , epidemiology 43 – 49 , mathematics 50 – 54 and geometry 55 – 58 have significant impact on human health 59 – 61 and life 62 – 68 . Nanoparticles (NPs) with different shapes 69 – 73 and sizes have been widely fabricated via a large number of physicochemical and bio-based synthesis techniques 74 , including electron irradiation, chemical reduction 75 , 76 , sol gel 77 , microwave-assisted synthesis 78 , and plant-mediated synthesis techniques 79 – 82 .…”

Kinetics of Methane Hydrate Formation in the Presence of Silica Nanoparticles and Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide

“…Hydrates are ice-like crystalline clathrates composed of water molecules and guest molecules at the low-temperature and high-pressure. [1] Methane, [2] ethane, [3] carbon dioxide [4] can be hydrated with water molecules. Hydrates can be classified into structure I, structure II, and structure H according to the microstructure of gas molecules.…”

“…Hydrates are ice‐like crystalline clathrates composed of water molecules and guest molecules at the low‐temperature and high‐pressure [1] . Methane, [2] ethane, [3] carbon dioxide [4] can be hydrated with water molecules.…”

Development of a reliable empirical correlation to calculate hydrogen solubility in seventeen alcoholic media

“…In recent decades, concerns about energy security have been raised due to the depletion of hydrocarbon reserves 1 and the dramatically increasing demand for energy 2 , 3 and fossil-based fuels 4 – 6 . Furthermore, the environmental problems associated with fossil fuel consumption 7 , such as gas emissions 8 , climate change 9 , and global warming 10 have highlighted this concern further.…”