Hydrated nucleus pulposus herniation in seven dogs

Detection of compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs with multislice computed tomography

“…Compressive hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE; Beltran et al, 2012;Hamilton et al, 2014;Lowrie et al, 2014;Dolera et al, 2015;Manunta et al, 2015), previously referred to as discal cyst or ventral intraspinal cyst (Konar et al, 2008;Kamishina et al, 2010), is an atypical type of disc extrusion in dogs. HNPE affects chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds of dogs and the median age at diagnosis is 9 years (Konar et al, 2008;Kamishina et al, 2010;Beltran et al, 2012;Hamilton et al, 2014;Lowrie et al, 2014;Manunta et al, 2015).…”

“…HNPE affects chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds of dogs and the median age at diagnosis is 9 years (Konar et al, 2008;Kamishina et al, 2010;Beltran et al, 2012;Hamilton et al, 2014;Lowrie et al, 2014;Manunta et al, 2015). Canine HNPE most commonly affects cervical disc spaces C3-C4 and C4-C5 (Konar et al, 2008;Kamishina et al, 2010;Beltran et al, 2012;Hamilton et al, 2014;Lowrie et al, 2014;Dolera et al, 2015;Manunta et al, 2015). Dogs with HNPE most often are presented with acute (<24 h) symmetrical nonambulatory tetraparesis or tetraplegia and often with less apparent pain than with other cervical myelopathies (Hamilton et al, 2014).…”

“…Dogs with HNPE most often are presented with acute (<24 h) symmetrical nonambulatory tetraparesis or tetraplegia and often with less apparent pain than with other cervical myelopathies (Hamilton et al, 2014). Despite the severe neurological deficits, the clinical outcome of most dogs with HNPE is favourable with medical or surgical management (Konar et al, 2008;Kamishina et al, 2010;Beltran et al, 2012;Dolera et al, 2015;Manunta et al, 2015).…”

“…HNPE appears on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as extradural, typically 'seagull' shaped, compressive material of hydrated signal intensity immediately dorsal to the affected disc space (Konar et al, 2008;Beltran et al, 2012;Dolera et al, 2015;Manunta et al, 2015). The intervertebral disc space is often narrowed, with an illdefined dorsal annulus and a reduced nucleus pulposus volume (Konar et al, 2008;Beltran et al, 2012;Dolera et al, 2015;Manunta et al, 2015).…”

“…The intervertebral disc space is often narrowed, with an illdefined dorsal annulus and a reduced nucleus pulposus volume (Konar et al, 2008;Beltran et al, 2012;Dolera et al, 2015;Manunta et al, 2015). Surgical biopsies of extruded material are difficult to harvest, but Manunta et al (2015) demonstrated that the extruded material is nucleus pulposus with early signs of degeneration. However, the pathophysiology of this type of extrusion is unclear.…”