Hydraulic and mechanical dysfunction of Norway spruce sapwood due to extreme summer drought in Scandinavia

Rosner, Sabine; Gierlinger, Notburga; Klepsch, Matthias; Karlsson, Bo; Evans, R.; Lundqvist, Sven‐Olof; Světlík, Jan; Børja, Isabella; Dalsgaard, Lise; Andreassen, Kjell; Solberg, Svein; Jansen, Steven

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.051

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Internodes with a length from 200 to 300 mm were cut and debarked under water and thereafter re‐saturated under low vacuum for 24 h at 4°C in filtered, distilled water (Hietz et al ) containing 0.005% Micropur (Katadyn Products, Wallisellen, Switzerland) which makes use of silver ions to prevent microbial growth (Mayr et al ). This method is appropriate to refill conduits in the functioning sapwood (Rosner et al ). Prior to hydraulic conductivity measurements, specimens were re‐cut several times with a razor blade.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of hydraulic conductivity loss from relative water loss: new insights into water storage of tree stems and branches

Rosner

Heinze

Savi

et al. 2018

Physiologia Plantarum

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More frequently occurring, drought waves call for a deeper understanding of tree hydraulics and fast and easily applicable methods to measure drought stress. The aim of this study was to establish empirical relationships between the percent loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) and the relative water loss (RWL) in woody stem axes with different P , i.e. the water potential (Ψ) that causes 50% conductivity loss. Branches and saplings of temperate conifer (Picea abies, Larix decidua) and angiosperm species (Acer campestre, Fagus sylvatica, Populus x canescens, Populus tremula, Sorbus torminalis) and trunk wood of mature P. abies trees were analyzed. P was calculated from hydraulic measurements following bench top dehydration or air injection. RWL and PLC were fitted by linear, quadratic or cubic equations. Species- or age-specific RWLs at P varied between 10 and 25% and P , the Ψ that causes 88% conductivity loss, between 18 and 44%. P was predicted from the relationship between Ψ and the RWL. The predictive quality for P across species was almost 1:1 (r = 0.99). The approach presented allows thus reliable and fast prediction of PLC from RWL. Branches and saplings with high hydraulic vulnerability tended to have lower RWLs at P and at P . The results are discussed with regard to the different water storage capacities in sapwood and survival strategies under drought stress. Potential applications are screening trees for drought sensitivity and a fast interpretation of diurnal, seasonal or drought induced changes in xylem water content upon their impact on conductivity loss.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of hydraulic conductivity loss from relative water loss: new insights into water storage of tree stems and branches

Rosner

Heinze

Savi

et al. 2018

Physiologia Plantarum

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“…Fresh branch segments, and needles were placed directly into 100% ethanol in order to avoid pit aspiration [35,36]. Samples remained in 100% ethanol for 48 h, and were thereafter embedded in Technovit 7100 (Heraeus Kulzer, Germany).…”

Section: Anatomical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter Embolism and Recovery in the Conifer Shrub Pinus mugo L.

Mayr

Schmid

Rosner

2019

Forests

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Research Highlights: Pronounced winter embolism and recovery were observed in the Alpine conifer shrub Pinus mugo L. Data indicated that the hydraulic courses and underlying mechanism were similar to timberline trees. Background and Objectives: At high elevation, plants above the snow cover are exposed to frost drought and temperature stress during winter. Previous studies demonstrated winter stress to induce low water potentials (Ψ) and significant xylem embolism (loss of conductivity, or LC) in evergreen conifer trees, and recovery from embolism in late winter. Here, we analyzed xylem hydraulics and related structural and cellular changes in a conifer shrub species. Materials and Methods: The uppermost branches of Pinus mugo shrubs growing at the Alpine timberline were harvested over one year, and the Ψ, water content, LC, proportion of aspirated pits, and carbohydrate contents were analyzed. Results: Minimum Ψ (−1.82 ± 0.04 MPa) and maximum LC (39.9% ± 14.5%) values were observed in mid and late winter, followed by a recovery phase. The proportion of aspirated pits was also highest in winter (64.7% ± 6.9% in earlywood, 27.0% ± 1.4% in latewood), and decreased in parallel with hydraulic recovery in late winter and spring. Glucose and fructose contents gradually decreased over the year, while starch contents (also microscopically visible as starch grains in needle and stem tissues) increased from May to July. Conclusions: The formation and recovery of embolism in Pinus mugo were similar to those of timberline trees, as were the underlying mechanisms, with pit aspiration enabling the isolation of embolized tracheids, and changes in carbohydrate contents indicating adjustments of osmotic driving forces for water re-distribution. The effects of future changes in snow cover regimes may have pronounced and complex effects on shrub-like growth forms, because a reduced snow cover may shorten the duration of frost drought, but expose the plants to increased temperature stress and impair recovery processes.

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“…In addition to conduit diameter and density, the ratio between the thickness (t) of two adjacent conduit walls and the conduit lumen diameter (b) has been proposed to relate to xylem embolism resistance by providing a mechanical reinforcement of conduit walls acting as a safety factor from potential implosion by negative pressure (Hacke et al, 2001;Jacobsen et al, 2005). As an example, tracheid wall thickness has been shown as an important functional trait in the earlywood of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jxb/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jxb/erz133/5421717 by Yale University Library user on 01 April 2019 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 5 conifers (Rosner et al, 2018), as well as the thickness-to-diameter ratio in the leaf vasculature (Jordan et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Similar hydraulic efficiency and safety across vesselless angiosperms and vessel-bearing species with scalariform perforation plates

Trueba

Delzon

Isnard

et al. 2019

Journal of Experimental Botany

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The evolution of xylem vessels from tracheids is put forward as a key innovation that boosted hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic capacities in angiosperms. Yet, the role of xylem anatomy and interconduit pits in hydraulic performance across vesselless and vessel-bearing angiosperms is incompletely known, and there is a lack of functional comparisons of ultrastructural pits between species with different conduit types. We assessed xylem hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism in 12 rain forest species from New Caledonia, including five vesselless species, and seven vessel-bearing species with scalariform perforation plates. We measured xylem conduit traits, along with ultrastructural features of the interconduit pits, to assess the relationships between conduit traits and hydraulic efficiency and safety. In spite of major differences in conduit diameter, conduit density, and the presence/absence of perforation plates, the species studied showed similar hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to drought-induced embolism, indicating functional similarity between both types of conduits. Interconduit pit membrane thickness (Tm) was the only measured anatomical feature that showed a relationship to significant vulnerability to embolism. Our results suggest that the incidence of drought in rain forest ecosystems can have similar effects on species bearing water-conducting cells with different morphologies.

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Hydraulic and mechanical dysfunction of Norway spruce sapwood due to extreme summer drought in Scandinavia

Cited by 40 publications

References 72 publications

Prediction of hydraulic conductivity loss from relative water loss: new insights into water storage of tree stems and branches

Prediction of hydraulic conductivity loss from relative water loss: new insights into water storage of tree stems and branches

Winter Embolism and Recovery in the Conifer Shrub Pinus mugo L.

Similar hydraulic efficiency and safety across vesselless angiosperms and vessel-bearing species with scalariform perforation plates

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