Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review

Nasution, Harmein; Harahap, Hamidah; Dalimunthe, Nisaul Fadilah; Ginting, Muhammad Hendra Sahputra; Jaafar, Mariatti; Tan, Orlando O. H.; Aruan, Hotmauli K.; Herfananda, Alief L.

doi:10.3390/gels8090568

Cited by 106 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Every type of biomass resource imparts unique characteristics to CMC, such as exceptional absorption and adsorption, a high swelling ability, and superior optical properties. In addition to being advantageous for the production of CMC hydrogels, a high level of methylation groups in various types of biomass waste is also beneficial [81].…”

Section: Cellulose Derivative Gels Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Cmc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Food Hydrogels: Principles, Formation Mechanisms, Microstructure, and Its Applications

Nath

Debnath

Sridhar

et al. 2022

Gels

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Food hydrogels are effective materials of great interest to scientists because they are safe and beneficial to the environment. Hydrogels are widely used in the food industry due to their three-dimensional crosslinked networks. They have also attracted a considerable amount of attention because they can be used in many different ways in the food industry, for example, as fat replacers, target delivery vehicles, encapsulating agents, etc. Gels—particularly proteins and polysaccharides—have attracted the attention of food scientists due to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, nutritional properties, and edibility. Thus, this review is focused on the nutritional importance, microstructure, mechanical characteristics, and food hydrogel applications of gels. This review also focuses on the structural configuration of hydrogels, which implies future potential applications in the food industry. The findings of this review confirm the application of different plant- and animal-based polysaccharide and protein sources as gelling agents. Gel network structure is improved by incorporating polysaccharides for encapsulation of bioactive compounds. Different hydrogel-based formulations are widely used for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds, food texture perception, risk monitoring, and food packaging applications.

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Section: Cellulose Derivative Gels Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Cmc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Food Hydrogels: Principles, Formation Mechanisms, Microstructure, and Its Applications

Nath

Debnath

Sridhar

et al. 2022

Gels

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“…Their structure is maintained by chemical or physical crosslinking of the polymer chains. Chemical crosslinking, present in the so-called chemical hydrogels, is characterized by the presence of covalent bonds and it involves the addition of crosslinking agents, which are often toxic thus affecting the hydrogels’ biocompatibility [ 4 , 5 ]. On the other hand, when polymer chains are physically cross-linked, non-covalent interactions are present and physical hydrogels are formed [ 2 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-Glucan Complex Hydrogels: Physical-Chemical Characterization, Stability, In Vitro Drug Permeation, and Biological Assessment in Primary Cells

et al. 2023

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Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) hydrogels were fabricated by coagulation of the biopolymer from an aqueous alkaline solution, and their morphology, swelling behavior, mechanical, rheological, and biological properties were studied. In addition, their in vitro drug loading/release ability and permeation through mimic-skin artificial membranes (Strat-M) were assessed. The CGC hydrogels prepared from 4 and 6 wt% CGC suspensions (Na51*4 and Na51*6 hydrogels, respectively) had polymer contents of 2.40 ± 0.15 and 3.09 ± 0.22 wt%, respectively, and displayed a highly porous microstructure, characterized by compressive moduli of 39.36 and 47.30 kPa and storage moduli of 523.20 and 7012.25 Pa, respectively. Both hydrogels had a spontaneous and almost immediate swelling in aqueous media, and a high-water retention capacity (>80%), after 30 min incubation at 37 °C. Nevertheless, the Na51*4 hydrogels had higher fatigue resistance and slightly higher-water retention capacity. These hydrogels were loaded with caffeine, ibuprofen, diclofenac, or salicylic acid, reaching entrapment efficiency values ranging between 13.11 ± 0.49% for caffeine, and 15.15 ± 1.54% for salicylic acid. Similar release profiles in PBS were observed for all tested APIs, comprising an initial fast release followed by a steady slower release. In vitro permeation experiments through Strat-M membranes using Franz diffusion cells showed considerably higher permeation fluxes for caffeine (33.09 µg/cm2/h) and salicylic acid (19.53 µg/cm2/h), compared to ibuprofen sodium and diclofenac sodium (4.26 and 0.44 µg/cm2/h, respectively). Analysis in normal human dermal fibroblasts revealed that CGC hydrogels have no major effects on the viability, migration ability, and morphology of the cells. Given their demonstrated features, CGC hydrogels are very promising structures, displaying tunable physical properties, which support their future development into novel transdermal drug delivery platforms.

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“…80 The physical cross-linkings between distinct polymers and polymeric chains have been proposed by a number of thermodynamical changes, including heating and/or cooling of the polymeric solution, lyophilization, lowering and/or increasing of pH, and appropriate choice of anionic and cationic polymers. 81 Designing of the physically cross-linked hydrogel includes the simple procedure of purification as there is no involvement of any kind of chemically toxic cross-linking agents. Thus, these hydrogels are a very good platform for wound healing due to their biocompatibility and nontoxicity.…”

Section: Interpenetrating Network (Ipn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Considerations, Formulation Approaches, and Strategic Advances of Hydrogel Dressings for Chronic Wound Management

2023

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Wound healing is a complex and dynamic physiological process consisting of a series of cellular and molecular events that initiate immediately after a tissue lesion, to reconstruct the skin layer. It is indubitable that patients with chronic wounds, severely infected wounds, or any metabolic disorder of the wound microenvironment always endure severe pain and discomfort that affect their quality of life. It is essential to treat chronic wounds for conserving the physical as well as mental well-being of affected patients and for convalescing to improve their quality of life. For supporting and augmenting the healing process, the selection of pertinent wound dressing is essential. A substantial reduction in healing duration, disability, associated cost, and risk of recurrent infections can be achieved via engineering wound dressings. Hydrogels play a leading role in the path of engineering ideal wound dressings. Hydrogels, comprising water to a large extent, providing a moist environment, being comfortable to patients, and having biocompatible and biodegradable properties, have found their success as suitable wound dressings in the market. The exploitation of hydrogels is increasing perpetually after substantiation of their broader therapeutic actions owing to their resemblance to dermal tissues, their capability to stimulate partial skin regeneration, and their ability to incorporate therapeutic moieties promoting wound healing. This review entails properties of hydrogel supporting wound healing, types of hydrogels, cross-linking mechanisms, design considerations, and formulation strategies of hydrogel engineering. Various categories of hydrogel wound dressing fabricated recently are discussed based on their gel network composition, degradability, and physical and chemical cross-linking mechanisms, which provide an outlook regarding the importance of tailoring the physicochemical properties of hydrogels. The examples of marketed hydrogel wound dressings are also incorporated along with the future perspectives and challenges associated with them.

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Hydrogel and Effects of Crosslinking Agent on Cellulose-Based Hydrogels: A Review

Cited by 106 publications

References 76 publications

A Comprehensive Review of Food Hydrogels: Principles, Formation Mechanisms, Microstructure, and Its Applications

A Comprehensive Review of Food Hydrogels: Principles, Formation Mechanisms, Microstructure, and Its Applications

Chitin-Glucan Complex Hydrogels: Physical-Chemical Characterization, Stability, In Vitro Drug Permeation, and Biological Assessment in Primary Cells

Design Considerations, Formulation Approaches, and Strategic Advances of Hydrogel Dressings for Chronic Wound Management

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