Hydrogel-Based Biomaterial as a Scaffold for Gingival Regeneration: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

Abstract

Background: Hydrogel is considered a promising scaffold biomaterial for gingival regeneration. In vitro experiments were carried out to test new potential biomaterials for future clinical practice. The systematic review of such in vitro studies could synthesize evidence of the characteristics of the developing biomaterials. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize in vitro studies that assessed the hydrogel scaffold for gingival regeneration. Methods: Data on experimental studies on the physical and biological properties of hydrogel were synthesized. A systematic review of the PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement guidelines. In total, 12 original articles on the physical and biological properties of hydrogels for gingival regeneration, published in the last 10 years, were identified. Results: One study only performed physical property analyses, two studies only performed biological property analyses, and nine studies performed both physical and biological property analyses. The incorporation of various natural polymers such as collagen, chitosan, and hyaluronic acids improved the biomaterial characteristics. The use of synthetic polymers faced some drawbacks in their physical and biological properties. Peptides, such as growth factors and arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD), can be used to enhance cell adhesion and migration. Based on the available primary studies, all studies successfully present the potential of hydrogel characteristics in vitro and highlight the essential biomaterial properties for future periodontal regenerative treatment.

Nanotechnological Research for Regenerative Medicine: The Role of Hyaluronic Acid

“…This is probably just the beginning of a new era in the exploitation of the potential of HA in regenerative nanomedicine. Some meta-analyses and systematic reviews have already highlighted the good performance of some next-generation HA-based devices in different regenerative applications (e.g., [94][95][96]). The new nanotechnology-based manufacturing processes are greatly expanding the potential of these next-generation HA hydrogels.…”

Regenerative Approaches in Gingival Tissue Engineering

“…Mechanical Properties: The scaffold should provide adequate stiffness and elasticity to maintain space for gingival tissue regeneration under masticatory forces. Yet, excessive rigidity impedes functional integration, necessitating careful modulation of stiffness [70]. Reinforcing weak hydrogels with stiffer nanofibers or blending synthetic and natural polymers helps achieve optimal mechanics.…”

Chitosan Collagen Hydrogel: A Potential Scaffold Biomaterial for Periodontal Regenerative Treatment

“…25 34 Keuntungan lain dari hidrogel adalah kemampuannya untuk menyerap eksudat dari permukaan luka dan mempromosikan proliferasi fibroblas, migrasi sel, dan keratinisasi. 35 Banyak penelitian telah melaporkan bahwa ketika hidrogel dikombinasikan dengan obat-obatan, stem cells, atau growth factor, menunjukkan potensi luar biasa dalam proses regenerasi jaringan periodontal yang kompleks dan canggih. 23 Polisakarida dan protein merupakan polimer alami yang telah digunakan seabagai bahan struktural hidrogel karena biokompatibilitas, toksisitas rendah, dan rentan terhadap degradasi enzimatik.…”