For centuries, fossil fuels have been the primary energy source, but their unchecked use has led to significant environmental and economic challenges that now shape the global energy landscape. The combustion of these fuels releases greenhouse gases, which are critical contributors to the acceleration of climate change, resulting in severe consequences for both the environment and human health. Therefore, this article examines the potential of hydrogen as a sustainable alternative energy source capable of mitigating these climate impacts. It explores the properties of hydrogen, with particular emphasis on its application in industrial burners and furnaces, underscoring its clean combustion and high energy density in comparison to fossil fuels, and also examines hydrogen production through thermochemical and electrochemical methods, covering green, gray, blue, and turquoise pathways. It discusses storage and transportation challenges, highlighting methods like compression, liquefaction, chemical carriers (e.g., ammonia), and transport via pipelines and vehicles. Hydrogen combustion mechanisms and optimized burner and furnace designs are explored, along with the environmental benefits of lower emissions, contrasted with economic concerns like production and infrastructure costs. Additionally, industrial and energy applications, safety concerns, and the challenges of large-scale adoption are addressed, presenting hydrogen as a promising yet complex alternative to fossil fuels.
