Hydrological processes and water resources management

Simmers, I.

doi:10.1201/9780203971307.ch1

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Both the Pearson Chi-Square test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that GEV-max (L-moment) was the best distribution. Previous studies suggest that GEV is to likely to fit the streamflow across semi-arid regions, which was also established in the current findings [32][33][34]38,39].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

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Evaluating Future Flood Scenarios Using CMIP5 Climate Projections

Nyaupane

Thakur

Kalra

et al. 2018

Water

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Frequent flooding events in recent years have been linked with the changing climate. Comprehending flooding events and their risks is the first step in flood defense and can help to mitigate flood risk. Floodplain mapping is the first step towards flood risk analysis and management. Additionally, understanding the changing pattern of flooding events would help us to develop flood mitigation strategies for the future. This study analyzes the change in streamflow under different future carbon emission scenarios and evaluates the spatial extent of floodplain for future streamflow. The study will help facility managers, design engineers, and stakeholders to mitigate future flood risks. Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) forcing-generated Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) streamflow data were utilized for the future streamflow analysis. The study was done on the Carson River near Carson City, an agricultural area in the desert of Nevada. Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Pearson Chi-square tests were utilized to obtain the best statistical distribution that represents the routed streamflow of the Carson River near Carson City. Altogether, 97 projections from 31 models with four emission scenarios were used to predict the future flood flow over 100 years using a best fit distribution. A delta change factor was used to predict future flows, and the flow routing was done with the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model to obtain a flood inundation map. A majority of the climate projections indicated an increase in the flood level 100 years into the future. The developed floodplain map for the future streamflow indicated a larger inundation area compared with the current Federal Emergency Management Agency’s flood inundation map, highlighting the importance of climate data in floodplain management studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The GEV is mostly used to fit the streamflow distribution and has been shown to be efficient [37]. Further, the streamflow of dry, arid, and semi-arid regions follows the GEV distribution [33,34,38,39]. However, the GEV does not always best fit the annual peak flood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Future Flood Scenarios Using CMIP5 Climate Projections

Nyaupane

Thakur

Kalra

et al. 2018

Water

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“…These values are characteristic of mountainous regions at mid‐latitudes and are caused by high solar elevation as well as lower absorption by clouds and atmospheric constituents (Barry and Chorley, ). In arid regions, inter‐annual variability of precipitations reaches values close to 100% (Simmers, ). In a recent study, Masiokas et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithological and hydrological controls on water composition: evaporite dissolution and glacial weathering in the south central Andes of Argentina (33°–34°S)

León

Pedrozo²

2014

Hydrological Processes

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Lithological and hydrological influence on fluvial physical and chemical erosion was studied in a glacierized sedimentary basin with high evaporite presence. Suspended particulate matter (SPM), total dissolved solids (TDS) and major ion concentrations were analysed for 2 years of different hydrologic condition: (i) 2009–2010, Q = 100% average; and (ii) 2010–2011, Q = 60% average. Annual hydrograph was simple regime‐type with one peak in summer related to snow melting. The intra‐annual SPM and TDS variations were directly and inversely associated to Q, respectively. Snow chemistry showed continental influence (Na+/Ca2+ = 0.17), and atmospheric input of TDS was <1% of the total exported flux. River water was highly concentrated in Ca2+ and SO42− (~4 mmol l−1) and in Na+ and Cl− (~3 mmol l−1). Ca2+/SO42− and Na+/Cl− molar ratios were ~1 and related to Q, directly and inversely, respectively. Major ion relationships suggest that river chemistry is controlled by evaporite (gypsum and halite) dissolution having a summer input from sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution, and a winter input from subsurface flow loaded with silicate weathering products. This variation pattern resulted in nearly chemostatic behaviour for Ca+, Mg2+ and SO42−, whereas Na+, Cl− and SiO2 concentrations showed to be controlled by dilution/concentration processes. During the 2009–2010 hydrological year, the fluxes of water, SPM and TDS registered in the snow melting–high Q season were, respectively, 71%, 92% and 67% of the annual total, whereas for equal period in 2010–2011, 56% of water, 86% of SPM and 54% of TDS annual fluxes were registered. The SPM fluxes for 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 were 1.19 × 106 and 0.79 × 106 t year−1, whereas TDS fluxes were 0.68 × 106 and 0.55 × 106 t year−1, respectively. Export rates for 2009–2010 were 484 t km2 year−1 for SPM and 275 t km2 year−1 for TDS. These rates are higher than those observed in glacierized granite basins and in non‐glacierized evaporite basins, suggesting a synergistic effect of lithology and glaciers on physical and chemical erosion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Recharge minima were defined as a 1 mm y −1 rate considered to be a conservative value for arid conditions 15192021, and scenarios with minima of 0 mm y −1 recharge were also run as the most extreme possible end member. We assigned hydraulic properties to the model based on the results from mapping as described above, assuming D =100 m and that specific yield was equal to drainable porosity, and tested the parameter uncertainty as described below.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the role of groundwater hydro-refugia in East African hominin evolution and dispersal

et al. 2017

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Water is a fundamental resource, yet its spatiotemporal availability in East Africa is poorly understood. This is the area where most hominin first occurrences are located, and consequently the potential role of water in hominin evolution and dispersal remains unresolved. Here, we show that hundreds of springs currently distributed across East Africa could function as persistent groundwater hydro-refugia through orbital-scale climate cycles. Groundwater buffers climate variability according to spatially variable groundwater response times determined by geology and topography. Using an agent-based model, grounded on the present day landscape, we show that groundwater availability would have been critical to supporting isolated networks of hydro-refugia during dry periods when potable surface water was scarce. This may have facilitated unexpected variations in isolation and dispersal of hominin populations in the past. Our results therefore provide a new environmental framework in which to understand how patterns of taxonomic diversity in hominins may have developed.

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Hydrological processes and water resources management

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluating Future Flood Scenarios Using CMIP5 Climate Projections

Evaluating Future Flood Scenarios Using CMIP5 Climate Projections

Lithological and hydrological controls on water composition: evaporite dissolution and glacial weathering in the south central Andes of Argentina (33°–34°S)

Modelling the role of groundwater hydro-refugia in East African hominin evolution and dispersal

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