“…Therefore, AMD that forms in the overburden or waste rock pile is difficult to resolve, requiring expensive chemical treatments ( Kuyucak, 2002 ). AMD generation is a highly complex process influenced by several factors, including mineralogy, hydrology, geology, and local climate conditions ( Abfertiawan et al., 2016 ; White et al., 1999 ). AMD has a low pH value of 2–4 ( Abfertiawan et al., 2016 ; Bigham and Nordstom, 2000 ), which can lead to various other environmental problems, such as increasing concentrations of and metals, such as Fe 2+ , Al 3+ , and Mn 2+ ( Abfertiawan et al., 2016 ).…”