Hydrothermal Carbonisation of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches: Laboratory Trials, Plant Simulation, Carbon Avoidance, and Economic Feasibility

Stemann, Jan; Erlach, Berit; Ziegler, Felix

doi:10.1007/s12649-012-9190-y

Cited by 73 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…At "current" CO2 prices, i.e. without reflecting the social costs of carbon, the literature finds that HTC coal cannot compete with fossil coal (e.g., Eberhardt et al 2011;Erlach et al 2011;Stemann, Erlach, and Ziegler 2013), 13 which our results confirm. Generally, the production costs of HTC coal strongly depend on feedstock costs, poplar wood chips accounting for 32-50% of the total annual costs in Erlach et al (2011) and cereal straw for about 50% of the total costs in Eberhardt et al (2011).…”

supporting

confidence: 73%

“…The metropolitan region of Berlin, as defined in our case study, comprises all Berlin city districts plus the adjacent rural counties of Brandenburg/Havel, Havelland, Potsdam, PotsdamMittelmark, and Teltow-Fläming, located in the federal state of Brandenburg, southwest of 13 However, the production costs of HTC-coal pellets are comparable to those of wood pellets if biodegradable waste is available at zero cost Stemann, Erlach, and Ziegler 2013).…”

Section: ) Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, the carbon abatement costs for biogas from corn (maize) and from 19 However, other than in the HTC scenarios, the consumption-and operation-related costs in the reference scenarios include the costs for biomass preparation (Section 3.2.1). 20 While not directly comparable to the feedstocks and regional setting used in our study, the carbon abatement costs for HTC coal from palm-oil empty fruit bunches (EFBs) -produced in South-East Asia and shipped to Europe to replace bituminous coal -range from 60.4-79.8 €2010/Mg CO2e if the EFBs are diverted from mulching, and from 18.6-24.6 €2010/Mg CO2e if HTC avoids EFB dumping (Stemann, Erlach, and Ziegler 2013). 28 mixtures of corn and cattle slurry in Brandenburg, Germany, range from 288-674 €/Mg CO2e without accounting for opportunity costs related to land use; if considering opportunity costs, then the carbon abatement costs amount to 459-1,135 €/Mg CO2e (Scholz et al 2011). …”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In particular, economic studies for HTC coal are still rare and largely rely on simulations of industrial-scale HTC plants derived from laboratory-scale data (e.g., Eberhardt et al 2011;Erlach et al 2011;Wirth et al 2012;Stemann, Erlach, and Ziegler 2013). Among these studies, Eberhardt et al (2011) develop a linear optimization model in which they derive the optimal size, number, and location of HTC plants in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Green Waste: An Environmental and Economic Assessment of HTC Coal in the Metropolitan Region of Berlin, Germany

Medick¹,

Teichmann

Kemfert

2017

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractBased on a life-cycle sustainability assessment and the calculation of carbon abatement costs, we quantify the greenhouse-gas emission reductions and costs if green waste in the metropolitan region of Berlin, Germany, is diverted from composting into the production of hydrothermally carbonized coal (HTC coal) that is used as a substitute for hard coal in the generation of electricity and heat. Depending on the geographical origin of the green waste, we specify an urban scenario, a rural-urban scenario, and a rural scenario. Approximately 302 kilogram (kg) of carbon-dioxide equivalents (CO2e) can be saved per megagram (Mg) of fresh-matter (FM) input in the urban scenario, 298 kg CO2e/Mg FM input in the rural-urban scenario, and 316 kg CO2e/Mg FM input in the rural scenario. All three scenarios combined can mitigate a total of 70,511 Mg CO2e per year. This corresponds to about 1.6% of Berlin's annual greenhouse-gas reduction targets over the 2005-2020 period. If only private costs are considered, the HTC scenarios are less profitable than their reference cases. However, the inclusion of emissionrelated damage costs has the potential to render them socially preferable. The respective thresholds for social desirability coincide with the carbon abatement costs, about 163 €/Mg CO2e in the urban scenario, 74 €/Mg CO2e in the rural-urban scenario, and 75 €/Mg CO2e in the rural scenario. The lower abatement costs in the latter two scenarios are due to HTC-coal co-firing in an existing power plant rather than mono-firing it in a newly built biomass power plant. This shows that a comparatively favorable use of HTC coal might be as a bridging technology. 1) IntroductionThe German government aims to cut the country's annual greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions by 40% by 2020, 55% by 2030, 70% by 2040, and 80-95% by 2050, relative to the 1990 level (BMWi and BMU 2010). One of the main mechanisms to reach these targets is to substitute fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy, such as wind, solar energy, and biomass. In the power sector, for example, Germany has the objective to raise the share of renewable energy sources in gross electricity consumption to 40-45% by 2025, 55-60% by 2035, and at least 80% by 2050 ( § 1 EEG 2017 as published in Bundesgesetzblatt 2016). 4 However, Germany largely relies on fluctuating renewables, especially wind and photovoltaics (Neuhoff et al. 2016). 5 In order to deal with the fluctuat...

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supporting

confidence: 73%

Section: ) Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Green Waste: An Environmental and Economic Assessment of HTC Coal in the Metropolitan Region of Berlin, Germany

Medick¹,

Teichmann

Kemfert

2017

SSRN Journal

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“…Though some pilot-scale HTC plants have been constructed in recent years [14], to date the detailed structure of such plants and their efficiency are still unknown to the vast majority of those involved in the HTC research field. Moreover, only a few authors have analyzed the energy efficiency of HTC plants by means of a modeling approach [15,16]. Prior studies document mass and energy balances of the HTC plant, but refer to a single HTC process condition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Biomass: Process Design, Modeling, Energy Efficiency and Cost Analysis

2017

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Abstract:In this paper, a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process is designed and modeled on the basis of experimental data previously obtained for two representative organic waste materials: off-specification compost and grape marc. The process accounts for all the steps and equipment necessary to convert raw moist biomass into dry and pelletized hydrochar. By means of mass and thermal balances and based on common equations specific to the various equipment, thermal energy and power consumption were calculated at variable process conditions: HTC reactor temperature T: 180, 220, 250 • C; reaction time θ: 1, 3, 8 h. When operating the HTC plant with grape marc (65% moisture content) at optimized process conditions (T = 220 • C; θ = 1 h; dry biomass to water ratio = 0.19), thermal energy and power consumption were equal to 1170 kWh and 160 kWh per ton of hydrochar produced, respectively. Correspondingly, plant efficiency was 78%. In addition, the techno-economical aspects of the HTC process were analyzed in detail, considering both investment and production costs. The production cost of pelletized hydrochar and its break-even point were determined to be 157 €/ton and 200 €/ton, respectively. Such values make the use of hydrochar as a CO 2 neutral biofuel attractive.

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Towards Negative Emissions: Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Sustainable Carbon Materials

Yu,

He,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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The contemporary production of carbon materials heavily relies on fossil fuels, contributing significantly to the greenhouse effect. Biomass is a carbon‐neutral resource whose organic carbon is formed from atmospheric CO2. Employing biomass as a precursor for synthetic carbon materials can fix atmospheric CO2 into solid materials, achieving negative carbon emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) presents an attractive method for converting biomass into carbon materials, by which biomass can be transformed into materials with favorable properties in a distinct hydrothermal environment, and these carbon materials have made extensive progress in many fields. However, the HTC of biomass is a complex and interdisciplinary problem, involving simultaneously the physical properties of the underlying biomass and sub/supercritical water, the chemical mechanisms of hydrothermal synthesis, diverse applications of resulting carbon materials, and the sustainability of the entire technological routes. This review starts with the analysis of biomass composition and distinctive characteristics of the hydrothermal environment. Then, the factors influencing the HTC of biomass, the reaction mechanism, and the properties of resulting carbon materials are discussed in depth, especially the different formation mechanisms of primary and secondary hydrochars. Furthermore, the application and sustainability of biomass‐derived carbon materials are summarized, and some insights into future directions are provided.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Hydrothermal Carbonisation of Empty Palm Oil Fruit Bunches: Laboratory Trials, Plant Simulation, Carbon Avoidance, and Economic Feasibility

Cited by 73 publications

References 18 publications

Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Green Waste: An Environmental and Economic Assessment of HTC Coal in the Metropolitan Region of Berlin, Germany

Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Green Waste: An Environmental and Economic Assessment of HTC Coal in the Metropolitan Region of Berlin, Germany

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Waste Biomass: Process Design, Modeling, Energy Efficiency and Cost Analysis

Towards Negative Emissions: Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Sustainable Carbon Materials

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