Hydroxyapatite and its composite in heavy metal decontamination: Adsorption mechanisms, challenges, and future perspective

Initial solution pH value for the construction of a 3D hydroxyapatite via the trisodium citrate-assisted hydrothermal route

“…As an important calcium phosphate biomineral frequently found in mammalian hard tissues, hydroxyapatite (HA) has become a focal point of research due to its excellent biocompatibility, favorable bioactivity, and chemical composition similar to human bone tissue ( Zhou and Lee, 2011 ; Shi et al, 2018 ; Xu et al, 2023 ). HA with 3D structures have wide potential applications in the field of drug delivery systems and ion/heavy metal absorption agents due to the rough surface and highly specialized surface area ( Yang et al, 2013a ; Zeng et al, 2019 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2024 ). Therefore, the facile synthesis of 3D HA is crucial, and great efforts have been made to prepare such structures ( Mocioiu et al, 2019 ; Xu et al, 2022 ).…”