Hydroxybenzoic acid isomers and the cardiovascular system

Abstract

Today we are beginning to understand how phytochemicals can influence metabolism, cellular signaling and gene expression. The hydroxybenzoic acids are related to salicylic acid and salicin, the first compounds isolated that have a pharmacological activity. In this review we examine how a number of hydroxyphenolics have the potential to ameliorate cardiovascular problems related to aging such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. The compounds focused upon include 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Pyrocatechuic acid), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Gentisic acid), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Protocatechuic acid), 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (α-Resorcylic acid) and 3-monohydroxybenzoic acid. The latter two compounds activate the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors with a consequence there is a reduction in adipocyte lipolysis with potential improvements of blood lipid profiles. Several of the other compounds can activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway that increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, thereby decreasing oxidative stress and associated problems such as endothelial dysfunction that leads to hypertension as well as decreasing generalized inflammation that can lead to problems such as atherosclerosis. It has been known for many years that increased consumption of fruits and vegetables promotes health. We are beginning to understand how specific phytochemicals are responsible for such therapeutic effects. Hippocrates’ dictum of ‘Let food be your medicine and medicine your food’ can now be experimentally tested and the results of such experiments will enhance the ability of nutritionists to devise specific health-promoting diets.

Characterization of Date (Deglet Nour) Seed Free and Bound Polyphenols by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry

“…Its quantity as determined by HPLC was 1.772 ± 0.022 mg/g DS (Table ), which was much higher than the reported value in Khalas date seeds (0.079 mg/g; Habib and others ). Generally, protocatechuic acid is not considered a major contributor in human dietary polyphenol intake due to its low contents in edible plants (0.27 mg/g fresh weight in blackberry and 0.1 mg/g fresh weight in raspberry) (D'Archivio and others ; Juurlink and others ). However, the high level of protocatechuic acid detected in Deglet Nour date seed FPP suggests the possible utilization of DSP as a better source of protocatechuic acid for nutraceutical use.…”

Gentisic acid attenuates pressure overload‐induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice through inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway

“…A new class of fibroblast growth factor inhibitors potentially relevant to the treatment of cancer and angiogenesis‐related diseases has been defined based on gentisic acid . In addition, hydroxybenzoic acids have been reported to attenuate factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis and dyslipidaemia . Recently, we demonstrated that gentisic acid is the third most abundant polyphenol compound in Dendropanax morbifera branch extracts and reduces isoproterenol‐induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (paper under review).…”

Kazakh Ziziphora Species as Sources of Bioactive Substances

“…Salicylic acid (20) Z. clinopodioides [80] Effect on cardiovascular system reviewed [117] Pharmacological importance reviewed [118] Molecules 2016, 21, 826 7 of 53…”

“…clinopodioides [44,80] Inhibition of mucin production and secretion in airways epithelial cells [83] Hepatoprotective [84] Potential inhibitor of CDK4 in retinoblastoma [85] Neuroprotective [86] Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase [87] Anti-inflammatory [88]; Anti-inflammatory in vivo [89] Depressant effect on CNS [ [80] Effect on cardiovascular system reviewed [117] Pharmacological importance reviewed [118] O H…”

“…Rosmarinic acid (19) Z. clinopodioides [80] Review on pharmaceutical and clinical usage [113] Neuroprotective-review [114] General review on applications [115] Review on anticancer potential [116] O [80] Effect on cardiovascular system reviewed [117] Pharmacological importance reviewed [118] O H…”