Hypercrosslinked polystyrene sulphonic acid catalysts for the esterification of free fatty acids in biodiesel synthesis

Andrijanto, Eko; Dawson, Elizabeth; Brown, R. C.

doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.12.040

Cited by 58 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The steady state is faster than the previous study, this may due to the role of THF in this reaction by providing single phase system for the reactants although the conversion at this ratio is 23.16% which is almost half of the previously reported. This is due to the ion exchange capacity of Amberlyst 15 used in this study is smaller (2.57 meq/g) compared to the earlier reported by Andrijanto et al which is 4.7 meq/g [17].…”

Section: The Effect Of Methanol Molar Ratiocontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…In addition, the decreasing of conversion was possibly due to adsorption of water produced during esterification and blocked the pores of the catalyst and inhibits the catalytic activity. [17]. …”

Section: The Effect Of Catalyst Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, the 0.01 M NaOH was used to titrate the solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator to determine the titration point. The determination of ion exchange capacity (IEC) is determined by equation [17]:…”

Section: Determination Of Ion Exchange Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60 o C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

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Section: The Effect Of Methanol Molar Ratiocontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: The Effect Of Catalyst Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

et al. 2018

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“…These materials possess both macro-and micro-porosity at the same time, retained from their swollen-state in synthesis [20,21]. Macronet adsorbents MN 200 and MN 500 have recently been shown excellent performance for pyridine adsorption from aqueous solutions in batch experiments, where the enhanced adsorption rate and capacity were shown on MN 500, which can be attributed to the presence of sulfonic acid groups over the internal surface [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Adsorption of pyridine from aqueous solutions by polymeric adsorbents MN 200 and MN 500. Part 2: Kinetics and diffusion analysis

Zhu

Moggridge

D’Agostino

2016

Chemical Engineering Journal

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Telephone: +44 (0)1223 334763Fax: +44 (0)1223 334796 2 AbstractThe adsorption kinetics of pyridine adsorption on Macronet adsorbents MN 200 and MN 500 from aqueous solution was investigated at various initial pyridine concentrations and temperatures. The Weber-Morris plots revealed the influence of both external film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion resistances. The two linear regions in Weber-Morris plots were attributed to macropore and micropore diffusion, which was associated to the bimodal pore size distribution of the adsorbents. New insights into the diffusion mechanisms were highlighted, with the proposed internal film diffusion resistance dominating into the macropore region, whereas homogeneous particle diffusion resistance describes diffusion in the micropore region. The importance of pore and surface diffusion in the micropores was noted in contributing to the observed diffusion kinetics. The pore diffusion coefficient was estimated from PFG (pulsedfield gradient) parameter and molecular diffusion coefficient of pyridine in bulk liquid. A greater contribution of the surface to the overall diffusion kinetics was found for MN 500 as inferred from a proposed calculation method, which agrees with its better adsorption performance. The overall findings highlight the effect of pore structure onto the diffusion mechanisms inside the pores and help to gain a better understanding into the adsorption kinetics of these Macronet adsorbents, which are promising materials for the removal of Nheterocyclic compounds from waste water.

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“…It is difficult to say the reason, however, it was observed previously that reaction and treatment conditions inuence the recyclability of the resin catalysts. 59 Also, the leaching of -SO 3 H groups is reaction specic. For example, we observed leaching from sulfonated silica in hemicellulose depolymerisation, 49 while there was no leaching from the same type of catalyst in conversion of furfuryl alcohol into butyl levulinate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Catalytic acetoxylation of lactic acid to 2-acetoxypropionic acid, en route to acrylic acid

et al. 2015

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Catalytic acetoxylation of lactic acid to 2-acetoxypropionic acid, en route to acrylic acid Beerthuis, R.; Granollers, M.; Brown, D.R.; Salavagione, H.J.; Rothenberg, G.; Shiju, N.R. Published in: RSC Advances DOI:10.1039/c4ra12695eLink to publication Citation for published version (APA):Beerthuis, R., Granollers, M., Brown, D. R., Salavagione, H. J., Rothenberg, G., & Shiju, N. R. (2015). Catalytic acetoxylation of lactic acid to 2-acetoxypropionic acid, en route to acrylic acid. RSC Advances, 5(6), 4103-4108. DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12695e General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. We present an alternative synthetic route to acrylic acid, starting from the platform chemical lactic acid and using heterogeneous catalysis. To improve selectivity, we designed an indirect dehydration reaction that proceeds via acetoxylation of lactic acid to 2-acetoxypropionic acid. This intermediate can then be pyrolized to acrylic acid. Acetic acid is used both as a reagent and a solvent in the first step, and may be recovered in the subsequent pyrolysis step. We tested a range of solid acid catalysts for the acetoxylation step (Y zeolites, sulfated zirconia, ion-exchange resins, sulfonated graphene, and various sulfonated silica gels and mixed oxides). Recycling studies were carried out for the most active catalysts. To enable quantitative analysis using gas chromatography we also developed a reliable silylation derivatization method, which is also reported. These results open opportunities for improving the biorenewable production of acrylic acid.

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Hypercrosslinked polystyrene sulphonic acid catalysts for the esterification of free fatty acids in biodiesel synthesis

Cited by 58 publications

References 31 publications

The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

Adsorption of pyridine from aqueous solutions by polymeric adsorbents MN 200 and MN 500. Part 2: Kinetics and diffusion analysis

Catalytic acetoxylation of lactic acid to 2-acetoxypropionic acid, en route to acrylic acid

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