Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Abstract

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy affect the majority of pregnancies, while the most severe version, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), affects a much smaller subset of women. Despite the prevalence of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the severe consequences of HG, the pathophysiology of these conditions is not fully understood. Currently, it is thought that a combination of hormonal factors accounts for their development. Multiple treatments have been described for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and HG with varying levels of success. In this paper we describe the epidemiology of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and HG, the recommended workup, their proposed etiologic factors, treatments, and their potential impact on mother and baby.

Eating Disorders During Gestation: Implications for Mother's Health, Fetal Outcomes, and Epigenetic Changes

“…Stigmatizing attitudes may contribute to feelings of shame and guilt that lead them to hide their disorder and avoid help ( 35 ). On the other hand, clinical symptoms during pregnancy may be masked due to a reduction in clinical features or the presence of pregnancy sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum ( 36 ). Nonetheless, it is imperative to reach an early diagnosis in order to prevent long-lasting effects on women of reproductive age and impaired fetal outcomes ( 37 ).…”

The role of hematological parameters in the diagnosis of hyperemesis gravidarum

“…These inflammatory indicators have been associated with many acute or chronic diseases and can be used predictively in the early diagnosis of some diseases, in some cases in the diagnosis and in the follow-up of the treatment or clinical picture [9][10][11][12]. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a clinical manifestation that can develop due to many hormonal, psychosocial or biochemical factors [1,2]. An alteration can be observed in these indicator levels in pregnant women with hyperemesis table [9,11,12].…”

“…Up to 90% of pregnant women experience nausea in the early period. It has been reported that nausea during pregnancy is caused by an increase in the level of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG) [1][2][3]. Hyperemesis gravidarum is a clinical manifestation characterized by increased severity and duration of nausea and vomiting.…”

“…Nutritional disorders, dehydration, electrolyte disorders, weight loss, and ketonuria can also be added to the picture, which may worsen the clinical course of the pregnant woman. Hyperemesis gravidarum, which can develop in almost 2% of pregnant women, may be at a level that may require hospitalization in some patients [1][2][3][4][5]. A wide variety of factors play a role in the development of hyperemesis gravidarum.…”

The thiol/disulfide balance in ketone positive and ketone negative pregnant women with nausea and vomiting — a prospective study in a tertiary center

“…Nausea and/or vomiting is a common problem for pregnant women affecting approximately 80% of all pregnant women [1]. Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), which is a severe form of nausea and/or vomiting, is diagnosed with ketonuria and more than 5% weight loss and occurs in 0.3-3% of all pregnant women [2,3].…”