Hypersensitive response-related death

Heath, Michèle C.

doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0934-8_6

Cited by 418 publications

(516 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…However, animal cells that shrink during apoptosis maintain their plasma membrane integrity to form apoptotic bodies, 8 whereas plant protoplasts that shrink in response to stress usually have damaged plasma membranes and do not fragment further into discrete bodies. 9 Third, increased caspase-like proteolytic activities (in most cases unlinked to specific proteases) in dying plant cells have been used as an argument for the existence of plant apoptosis. This is an insufficient criterion because activation of caspases per se does not always lead to apoptosis in animal cells.…”

Section: Absence Of Apoptosis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

et al. 2011

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Programmed cell death (PCD) is an integral part of plant development and of responses to abiotic stress or pathogens. Although the morphology of plant PCD is, in some cases, well characterised and molecular mechanisms controlling plant PCD are beginning to emerge, there is still confusion about the classification of PCD in plants. Here we suggest a classification based on morphological criteria. According to this classification, the use of the term 'apoptosis' is not justified in plants, but at least two classes of PCD can be distinguished: vacuolar cell death and necrosis. During vacuolar cell death, the cell contents are removed by a combination of autophagy-like process and release of hydrolases from collapsed lytic vacuoles. Necrosis is characterised by early rupture of the plasma membrane, shrinkage of the protoplast and absence of vacuolar cell death features. Vacuolar cell death is common during tissue and organ formation and elimination, whereas necrosis is typically found under abiotic stress. Some examples of plant PCD cannot be ascribed to either major class and are therefore classified as separate modalities. These are PCD associated with the hypersensitive response to biotrophic pathogens, which can express features of both necrosis and vacuolar cell death, PCD in starchy cereal endosperm and during self-incompatibility. The present classification is not static, but will be subject to further revision, especially when specific biochemical pathways are better defined. Research on plant cell death has grown considerably in the past few years, owing to the importance of cell death for plant development and defense. Just as animal cells engage several mechanisms leading to death, the road to cell demise in plants can also vary. The long evolutionary distance and distinct cellular architecture between the two kingdoms may account for the differences between the mechanisms of plant and animal cell death. It is therefore appropriate to assess the relevance of animal cell death nomenclature 1 to plants. At present, there is confusion in cell death terminology in plant biology, which drives our attempt to formulate a more logical classification. Although our molecular understanding of plant cell death regulation and execution is insufficient to create definitive classifications based on precise biochemical pathways, it is possible to begin classifying plant cell death scenarios based on morphological criteria, as was initially the case in animal cell death research 2,3 and is still used for the classification of cell death in animal science. 1 This document attempts to provide a classification of plant cell death. We urge authors, reviewers and editors to follow this classification to facilitate communication between scientists and accelerate research in this field.

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Section: Absence Of Apoptosis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,19,32,33 Because there are no lytic vacuoles that clear the cytoplasm during necrosis, the corpses of necrotic cells remain largely unprocessed. A shrunken protoplast is one of the most easily detected features of plant necrotic cells (Figure 2).…”

Section: Definition Of 'Necrotic' Plant Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

et al. 2011

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“…The hypersensitive response is defined as a rapid necrosis of the plant cell in response to invasion by a pathogen (Wright and Heale 1988;Heath 2000b). This phenomenon is mostly connected with the formation of haustorium and might be restricted to only one cell, which the pathogen penetrated.…”

Section: Epidermal Cell Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance mechanisms of wild tomato germplasm to infection of Oidium neolycopersici

et al. 2013

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Tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) is one of the most devastating diseases of cultivated tomatoes worldwide. Although the first epidemics were recorded more than 25 years ago many aspects of this host-pathogen interaction are still not well understood. Detailed morphological and molecular studies of the anamorphs confirmed that O. neolycopersici is phylogeneticaly close to Erysiphe aquilegiae var. ranunculi. Host range is rather broad, apart from Solanaceae hosts were found in the families Apocynaceae, Campanulaceae, Crassulaceae, Cistaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Papaveraceae, Pedialiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Valerianaceae a Violaceae. Non-host resistance within these families is not based on inhibition of formation of primary haustorium, however, on post-haustorial hypersensitive reponse and another type of non-hypersensitive resistance. Screening of wild Solanum species (previous Lycopersicon spp.) germplasm revealed valuable sources of resistance (S. habrochaites, S. pennellii, S. cheesmaniae, S. chilense, S. peruvianum). The main resistance mechanism was found to be a hypersensitive response (HR), in some cases followed by limited development of the pathogen. However, there is a broad variation in resistance response on the histological and cytological level. Interaction between many wild Solanum spp. and O. neolycopersici is race-specific, at least three races were differentiated. In some interspecific crosses (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites) adult plant resistance was observed. Biochemical studies focusing on production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxidase activity during infection of O. neolycopersici showed that production of ROS and activity of corresponding enzymes is related to activation of defence responses in genotypes of wild Solanum sect. Lycopersicon. The significance of nitric oxide (NO) in O. neolycopersici pathogenesis was supported by experiments with NO donors and scavengers. In moderately resistant genotype S. chmielewskii, treatment by heat stress caused slight deceleration of pathogen development, increased production of jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) and increased peroxidase activity in infected plants. The different degree of tomato resistance/ susceptibility did not markedly change the rate and extent of photosynthetic response to O. neolycopersici; only minimal impairment of photosynthesis was found in both susceptible and moderately resistant genotypes during the Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK first 9 days after inoculation. The accumulated evidence confirm a crucial role of localised increased production of ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in response to pathogen penetration into plant tissue and its involvement in the plant resistance responses including the initiation and progression of plant cell death in host wild Solanum species. Crucial points of further research are discussed.

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“…HR is an early event that contributes to plant resistance by restricting invading pathogens at the infection site, which may play an important role in stimulating a systemic signal for SAR (Heath, 2000). We therefore hypothesized that PBZ might stimulate the immune response via HR.…”

Section: Hypersensitive Response Is Involved In the Immune Response Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic promoters consisting of defined cis-acting elements link multiple signaling pathways to probenazole-inducible system

Zhu

Gao

Yang

et al. 2015

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Probenazole (3-allyloxy-1,2-benzisothiazole-1,1-dioxide, PBZ), the active component of Oryzemate, could induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants through the induction of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. As a widely used chemical inducer, PBZ is a good prospect for establishing a new chemical-inducible system. We first designed artificially synthetic promoters with tandem copies of a single type of cis-element (SARE, JERE, GCC, GST1, HSRE, and W-box) that could mediate the expression of the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene in plants upon PBZ treatment. Then we combined different types of elements in order to improve inducibility in the PBZ-inducible system. On the other hand, we were surprised to find that the cis-elements, which are responsive to jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene, also responded to PBZ, implying that SA, JA, and ethylene pathways also would play important roles in PBZ's action. Further analysis demonstrated that PBZ also induced early events of innate immunity via a signaling pathway in which Ca 2+ influx and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity were involved. We constructed synthesized artificial promoters to establish a PBZ chemical-inducible system, and preliminarily explored SA, JA, ethylene, calcium, and MAPK signaling pathways via PBZ-inducible system, which could provide an insight for in-depth study.

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Hypersensitive response-related death

Cited by 418 publications

References 120 publications

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Morphological classification of plant cell deaths

Resistance mechanisms of wild tomato germplasm to infection of Oidium neolycopersici

Synthetic promoters consisting of defined cis-acting elements link multiple signaling pathways to probenazole-inducible system

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