Hyphal network whole field imaging allows for accurate estimation of anastomosis rates and branching dynamics of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina

Abstract

The success of filamentous fungi in colonizing most natural environments can be largely attributed to their ability to form an expanding interconnected network, the mycelium, or thallus, constituted by a collection of hyphal apexes in motion producing hyphae and subject to branching and fusion. In this work, we characterize the hyphal network expansion and the structure of the fungus Podospora anserina under controlled culture conditions. To this end, temporal series of pictures of the network dynamics are produced, starting from germinating ascospores and ending when the network reaches a few centimeters width, with a typical image resolution of several micrometers. The completely automated image reconstruction steps allow an easy post-processing and a quantitative analysis of the dynamics. The main features of the evolution of the hyphal network, such as the total length L of the mycelium, the number of "nodes" (or crossing points) N and the number of apexes A, can then be precisely quantified. Beyond these main features, the determination of the distribution of the intrathallus surfaces (S i ) and the statistical analysis of some local measures of N, A and L give new insights on the dynamics of expanding fungal networks. Based on these results, we now aim at developing robust and versatile discrete/continuous mathematical models to further understand the key mechanisms driving the development of the fungus thallus.Due to their paramount role in most ecosystems and in different sectors of human economy, filamentous fungi have attracted a lot of attention in the last decades. Indeed, these organisms are able to grow in complex environments, leading to their ubiquitous occurrence 1,2 . The success of filamentous fungi in colonizing most natural environments can be largely attributed to their ability to form hyphae, whose width typically ranges from 2 to 20 µm, and which are usually composed of multiple cells separated by septa 3 . At the edge of the fungal colony, apical cells explore new territories in search for food and are mainly involved in nutrient acquisition through the production of extracellular enzymes for the decomposition of organic matter, as well as through the sensing of their local environment 4 . Sub-apical cells generate new hyphae by lateral branching, thus increasing the density and surface area of the colony. In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, the branches also mediate the hyphal fusion events, or anastomosis, that occur in the thallus and appear to be crucial for the exchange of nutrients and signals

Varied solutions to multicellularity: The biophysical and evolutionary consequences of diverse intercellular bonds

“…Mycelial networks, for example, are not generally space filling (see, e.g., Refs. 66 and 71 ); accordingly, mycelia employ the gaps between their branches to great effect, using this space to dissolve organic matter. Nutrient transport can also be achieved via entirely diffusive processes.…”

A mean-field approach to self-interacting network, convergence and regularity

“…Here the sign in front of the gradient of the nutrient field denotes the trend for the particle leave and avoid the areas where the potential field is low. This allow us to obtain the self-avoiding behavior, that is actually observed in spatial exploration phenomena [14].…”

“…Let us present the model which is takled here, with its different features. We will then link it to a specific biological framework that we have in mind [14]. Here we focus on the case of the spatial evolution of a complex biological network, which evolves by means of the motions of its nodes.…”

“…the microscopic branching filaments which collectively form the mycelium. This is all based on a series of experiment that can be (partly) found in [14]. Many works focused on the growth of a single tip of a hypha, [17], while others studies focused on the collective evolution of the mycelium using a PDE modeling approach, [5,6,7].…”

Morphological growth pattern of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivated on different Miscanthus x giganteus biomass fractions

“…Bio-imaging is an ever-advancing technology to characterize and quantify the morphology of fungi during growth stages and under different culture conditions [ 55 – 57 ]. Various microscopic techniques are used to quantify relative growth and morphology.…”