Hypothalamohypophysiotropic Peptide Systems

Sagar, Stephen M.; Martin, Joseph B.

doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010408

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 391 publications

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“…5,26 The importance of the PVZ for overall body homeostasis is also shown by its unique relationship with the adenohypophysis. 81 The collection of neurons located in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei (the "hypophysiotrophic area") project to the portal system of the median eminence, where they secrete the hypothalamic hormones. 35 At this point, the whole endocrine system is potentially open to all kinds of neural modulation issuing from multiple regions of the brain.…”

Section: The Periventricular Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

The hypothalamus at the crossroads of psychopathology and neurosurgery

Barbosa

Oliveira‐Souza

Santo

et al. 2017

Neurosurgical Focus

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The neurosurgical endeavor to treat psychiatric patients may have been part of human history since its beginning. The modern era of psychosurgery can be traced to the heroic attempts of Gottlieb Burckhardt and Egas Moniz to alleviate mental symptoms through the ablation of restricted areas of the frontal lobes in patients with disabling psychiatric illnesses. Thanks to the adaptation of the stereotactic frame to human patients, the ablation of large volumes of brain tissue has been practically abandoned in favor of controlled interventions with discrete targets.Consonant with the role of the hypothalamus in the mediation of the most fundamental approach-avoidance behaviors, some hypothalamic nuclei and regions, in particular, have been selected as targets for the treatment of aggressiveness (posterior hypothalamus), pathological obesity (lateral or ventromedial nuclei), sexual deviations (ventromedial nucleus), and drug dependence (ventromedial nucleus). Some recent improvements in outcomes may have been due to the use of stereotactically guided deep brain stimulation and the change of therapeutic focus from categorical diagnoses (such as schizophrenia) to dimensional symptoms (such as aggressiveness), which are nonspecific in terms of formal diagnosis. However, agreement has never been reached on 2 related issues: 1) the choice of target, based on individual diagnoses; and 2) reliable prediction of outcomes related to individual targets. Despite the lingering controversies on such critical aspects, the experience of the past decades should pave the way for advances in the field. The current failure of pharmacological treatments in a considerable proportion of patients with chronic disabling mental disorders is reminiscent of the state of affairs that prevailed in the years before the early psychosurgical attempts.This article reviews the functional organization of the hypothalamus, the effects of ablation and stimulation of discrete hypothalamic regions, and the stereotactic targets that have most often been used in the treatment of psychopathological and behavioral symptoms; finally, the implications of current and past experience are presented from the perspective of how this fund of knowledge may usefully contribute to the future of hypothalamic psychosurgery.

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Section: The Periventricular Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

The hypothalamus at the crossroads of psychopathology and neurosurgery

Barbosa

Oliveira‐Souza

Santo

et al. 2017

Neurosurgical Focus

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“…Po drugie, przyjmując, że takie komisje pracują zazwyczaj przy drzwiach zamkniętych, natychmiast rodzi się pytanie o to, "kto będzie kontrolował kontrolerów?" 27 . I choć pełne wyjaśnienie tych wątpliwości wymaga osobnej analizy 28 , pozwolę sobie zasygnalizować pewne regulacje dotyczące instytucjonalnego kształtu komisji kontrolnych, które mogą się przyczynić do przezwyciężenia wyżej zasygnalizowanych problemów: (a) wprowadzenie cyklicznych kontaktów między przedstawicielami władzy wykonawczej a członkami komisji; (b) włączanie członków partii opozycyjnych do składu komisji kontrolnych, tak aby mogli oni, wraz z przedstawicielami partii rządzących, kontrolować władzę wykonawczą; (c) nadanie komisjom uprawnienia do wymuszenia odtajnienia informacji, gdy uznają to za konieczne; (d) instytucjonalizacja ex post facto kontroli niejawnych działań politycznych.…”

Section: Zarzut 2 Demokratyczna Odpowiedzialność Władzyunclassified

Tajna polityka – próba uzasadnienia

Mokrosińska¹

2017

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The author raises the question of whether secret uses of power by democratic states can form a legitimate exercise of democratic authority. On the face of it, the answer seems negative. First, it is commonplace to think that in a democracy, political decisions are legitimate only if they are authorized by citizens. From this perspective, secret uses of power seem to lack democratic authority because, one argues, people cannot authorize what they are denied knowledge about. Second, the exercise of democratic authority requires that citizens be able to hold officials accountable, and to do that citizens must know what officials are doing and why. Yet how can citizens call their representatives to account for secret political decisions and processes if they are denied knowledge of them? The author analyses each of these two dimensions of democratic governance and argues that secrecy, under certain conditions, may be a legitimate form of democratic governance.

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The Role of the Hypothalamus in Neuroendocrinology

Koizumi¹

1996

Comprehensive Human Physiology

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Hypothalamohypophysiotropic Peptide Systems

Cited by 3 publications

References 391 publications

The hypothalamus at the crossroads of psychopathology and neurosurgery

The hypothalamus at the crossroads of psychopathology and neurosurgery

Tajna polityka – próba uzasadnienia

The Role of the Hypothalamus in Neuroendocrinology

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