Citrus limetta fruit waste management by liquefaction using hydrogen-donor solvent

Abstract

Liquefaction of Citrus limetta fruit waste biomass for efficient waste management. Higher yield of biocrude obtained compared to relevant works on citrus fruit wastes.

Solvothermal co‐liquefaction of wastes from Citrus limetta fruit processing

“…%) yet higher than that for C. limetta pulp biomass liquefaction (7.88 wt. %) 50 . The difference in yield from co‐liquefaction in comparison to individual feedstock liquefaction presumably might have occurred due to intermixing of like constituents of lignocellulosic biomass (i.e.…”

“…The HHV of filtrate from C. limetta peel and pulp co‐liquefaction was observed to be decreasing with increasing BS ratio and approximately similar trends were observed for their corresponding MSR also except at 1:3 BS ratio. Additionally, the HHV of MSRs were greater than filtrates as for the individual liquefaction results, which might be accredited to a rise in penetration of solvent into biomass with increasing BS ratios during the initial stage of co‐liquefaction 50,51 …”

“…It also was an implication of turbostratic and amorphous carbon peaks 84 leading to biochar formation by decomposition of these biomass components during co‐liquefaction 85 . Despite the breakdown of the multifaceted structure of biomass by thermochemical conversion to biochar, these samples of biochar were still successful in partial retainment of their crystalline properties as visible from their corresponding XRD plots 19,50,86 . The crystalline nature of biochar is important as crystallinity index (CI) plays a major role in determination of its sorption characteristics 87 .…”

“…The heating of the furnace was stopped after completion of residence time and immediately reactor quenching by ice cold water reduced its temperature by 80–100 °C within 5 min. A blend of wet solid, carbonaceous, charry type product and semi‐viscous liquid product was found inside the reactor and extracted as described previously 8,50,54 . The filtrate, unreacted methanol solvent (MSR) and biocrude were stored for further characterization.…”

“…A blend of wet solid, carbonaceous, charry type product and semiviscous liquid product was found inside the reactor and extracted as described previously. 8,50,54 The filtrate, unreacted methanol solvent (MSR) and biocrude were stored for further characterization. The product to raw feed material ratio (w/w) was used to calculate the filtrate and biochar yield (wt.…”