Abstract:Over 40 years ago, Cazenave (
1979
) provided one of the first scholarly examinations of how middle-income Black fathers defined the provider role. Since that time, scholars have studied the realities of biological and social fathers (Coles et al.,
2010
; Connor & White,
2006
; Hamer,
2001
,
1997
; McDougal III & George III,
2016
; Ransaw,
2017
), as w… Show more
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