Ginkgo biloba Exocarp Extract Inhibits the Metastasis of B16‐F10 Melanoma Involving PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB/MMP‐9 Signaling Pathway

Abstract

In recent years, interest in natural plant extracts for cancer treatment is growing in the drug development field. Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract (GBEE) is known for possessing inhibitory effects on various mouse and human cancer cells. And no adverse reactions were observed during its clinical application to cancer patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of GBEE on the metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma and its related mechanisms. The B16-F10 melanoma lung metastasis model was established in C57BL/6J mice. It was found that GBEE inhibited the growth and pulmonary metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma transplanted tumor and downregulated the level of MMP-9 protein. Meanwhile, the B16-F10 cells were used to study in vitro. The results showed that GBEE inhibited the proliferation and migration of B16-F10 cells. Simultaneously, it suppressed the heterogeneous adhesion of B16-F10 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, NF-κB, and MMP-9 were decreased, while the PI3K and Akt were not significantly changed. These results indicate that GBEE can inhibit the metastasis of B16-F10 melanoma via multiple links and the molecular mechanism involved the regulation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathway.

Baicalein restrains proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant melanoma cells by down-regulating colon cancer associated transcript-1

“…Melanoma evolves from skin mucosa or pigmented membrane and is the most common cancer with high metastatic potential (1). Malignant melanoma, caused by the abnormal transformation of normal melanocytes, is one of the fastest growing malignant tumors with an annual growth rate of 3-5% (2).…”

Cytotoxic effect of Ginkgo biloba kernel extract on HCT116 and A2058 cancer cell lines

“…In addition to the leaf extracts, Ginkgo biloba exocarp extract has been also shown to exhibit anti-cancer properties, e.g. by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of B16–F10 melanoma cells via the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB/MMP-9 pathway ( Cao et al., 2018 ).…”

Staphyloxanthin as a Potential Novel Target for Deciphering Promising Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Agents

“…Ginkgo biloba L. exocarp extract (GBEE) is known for having antiproliferative activity on cancer cell lines, with no observable adverse reactions when used in clinical practice [43]. Moreover, it is a promising safe approach for treating different neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and traumatic brain injury [44].…”