<i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Extract Increases Ocular Blood Flow Velocity

Chung, Ho Seok; Harris, Alon; Kristinsson, Jóhannes Kári; Ciulla, Thomas A.; Kagemann, Carol; Ritch, Robert

doi:10.1089/jop.1999.15.233

Cited by 137 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…[29][30][31] The cellular mechanisms underlying these multiple effects can be attributed to different components in the extract, which may act independently or synergistically. Although some of the cellular mechanisms have been found to involve terpenes such as ginkgolides or bilobalide, 32,33) many remain unexplained, despite the large number of experiments performed on these materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventive Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBB) on the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 via Suppression of Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B in RAW 264.7 Cells

Park

Won

Yun

et al. 2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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Nitric oxide (NO) which is produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a pro-inflammatory radical and an important biological mediator. 1) prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), released by arachidonic acid metabolites, is also an important mediator of acute and chronic inflammation, and it is associated with the enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).2) In addition to these oxygen and arachidonic acid metabolites, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) acting as a cytokine or inflammatory mediator plays a major role in various inflammatory diseases, including septic shock and rheumatoid arthritis. 3,4) Nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) appears to play a primary role in the transcriptional regulation of these iNOS, COX-2 and TNF-a gene expressions.5) NF-kB exists as a latent form in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells and is bound to the inhibitory protein, IkB. 6) Phosphorylation of IkB leads to its degradation and the subsequent translocation of NF-kB to the nucleus where it activates transcriptions of target genes. 7,8) It is noteworthy that the use of medicinal plants or their crude extracts in the prevention and/or treatment of several chronic diseases has been traditionally practiced in different societies worldwide. Moreover, extracts of Ginkgo biloba LINNE (Ginkoaceae) have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Today, a standardized extract (EGb 761) is prepared from Ginko biloba leaves and is prescribed commonly in Europe for the treatment of memory disorders, obstructive arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, ischaemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, aging, and age-related macular degeneration.9-11) Several modes of action of EGb 761 have been described: (1) its effects on the blood circulation, such as its vasoregulatory activity and rheological effects on blood (decreased viscosity, anti-platelet activating factor activity) 11) ; (2) its effects on metabolism changes, such as on neuron metabolism (increased tolerance to anoxia) 9,12,13) ; (3) its inhibition of cell membrane damage caused by free radicals 11,[13][14][15] ; and (4) its gene-regulatory effects, which suggest that it has anticancer activity. 16,17) EGb 761 contains two groups as its main active constituents: 24% flavonol glycoside (ginkgo-flavonol glycosides; quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin) and 6% terpene (bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B, C).18) In the present study, we prepared a standardized Ginkgo biloba extract (GBB), i.e., an extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves standardized in terms of its total terpenes (12Ϯ3%), biflavonoid (4.5Ϯ1.5%), flavonol glycoside (Ͻ8%), and proanthocyanidine (under detection limit) content. The difference between GBB and EGb 761 is that it contains a higher level of terpene, a lower level of flavonol glycoside, and no detectable proanthocyanidine.In the present study, we compared the effects of these Ginkgo biloba extracts (GBB and EGb 761) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO and PGE 2 release. To further explore the possible mechanisms of these inhibitions by GBB, we investigated the expression levels...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventive Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBB) on the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 via Suppression of Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B in RAW 264.7 Cells

Park

Won

Yun

et al. 2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…Therefore, improving ocular blood flow may help the treatment of glaucoma. Several topical and systemic agents have been shown to improve ocular circulation in patients with glaucoma [17][18][19][20][21].…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Supplementation on Ocular Blood Flow in Patients with Glaucoma

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

2010

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…This property of ginkgo allows protection against retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury [52][53][54]. Gingko extracts inhibit LDL oxidation [55,56], have a relaxing effect on vascular walls [57], increase ocular blood flow velocity in patients [58,59], reduce systemic oxidative stress in glaucoma patients [12] (Fig. 5), and slow visual field progression in normal-tension glaucoma patients [60,61].…”

Section: Ginkgo Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional recommendations for individuals with Flammer syndrome

et al. 2017

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The Flammer syndrome (FS) describes the phenotype of people with a predisposition for an altered reaction of the blood vessels to stimuli like coldness or emotional stress.The question whether such people should be treated is often discussed. On the one hand, most of these subjects are healthy; on the other hand, FS seems to predispose to certain eye diseases such as normal tension glaucoma or retinitis pigmentosa or systemic diseases such as multiple sclerosis or tinnitus. A compromise between doing nothing and a drug treatment is the adaption of nutrition. But what do we mean by healthy food consumption for subjects with FS? The adaption of nutrition depends on the health condition. Whereas patients with e.g. a metabolic syndrome should reduce their calorie intake, this can be counterproductive for subjects with FS, as most subjects with FS have already a low body mass index (BMI) and the lower the BMI the stronger the FS symptoms. Accordingly, while fasting is healthy e.g. for subjects with metabolic syndrome, fasting can even dangerously aggravate the vascular dysregulation, as it has been nicely demonstrated by the loss of retinal vascular regulation during fasting. To give another example, while reducing salt intake is recommended for subjects with systemic hypertensions, such a salt restriction can aggravate systemic hypotension and thereby indirectly also the vascular regulation in subjects with FS. This clearly demonstrates that such a preventive adaption of nutrition needs to be personalized.

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Ginkgo biloba Extract Increases Ocular Blood Flow Velocity

Cited by 137 publications

References 16 publications

Preventive Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBB) on the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 via Suppression of Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B in RAW 264.7 Cells

Preventive Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract (GBB) on the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 via Suppression of Nuclear Factor-.KAPPA.B in RAW 264.7 Cells

Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Supplementation on Ocular Blood Flow in Patients with Glaucoma

Nutritional recommendations for individuals with Flammer syndrome

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