In vitrocharacterization ofTrichophyton rubrumandT. mentagrophytesbiofilms

Costa-Orlandi, Caroline Barcelos; Sardi, Janaína de Cássia Orlandi; Santos, Catarina; Fusco-Almeida, A. M.; Mendes-Giannini, María José Soares

doi:10.1080/08927014.2014.919282

Cited by 118 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It is known that fungal melanin is a virulence factor in many fungal species, since it protects the microbes against host defense mechanisms and also from the environment; however there is insufficient evidence to suggest that melanin exerts a crucial role in the pathogenesis of these fungi. Recently, Costa-Orlandi et al [14] characterized biofilm formation by T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, Biofilm formation could explain the persistence of infection caused by these fungi, especially in onychomycosis, but more studies are needed in order to correlate biofilm formation with pathogenesis.…”

Section: Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8].…”

Section: Superficial and Cutaneous Fungal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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Fungal diseases have emerged as an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among immunocompromised patients. Pathogenic fungi have evolved an array of virulence factors to survive within the host and to outwit immune defenses. Fungi may cause a wide range of diseases in humans that range in extent from superficial to disseminated infections. Generally, the site of infections classifies the type of fungal disease, which can be divided into superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous and systemic. In addition, the fungal virulence factors determine whether the infection will become established in the host. A primary pathogen may infect an immunologically normal host, whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of the host immune defenses in order for the infection to become established. This article covers the main fungi that are responsible for the increase of the fungal infections.Keywords: Fungal infections; Virulence; Yeast; Opportunistic infections; Endemic mycosis Fungal InfectionsFungal diseases have changed constantly in the last years. The virulence of these microorganisms has been adapted according to the human host, promoting a range of clinical manifestation. Several are the ways by which fungi promote a disease depending on human body part involved by the microorganism and the immunologic system of the host [1].In this review, we discuss the main fungal pathogens responsible for causing several diseases, highlighting on their virulence associate to clinical manifestation and the difficulty to accomplish the treatment. Superficial and cutaneous fungal diseasesSuperficial and cutaneous fungal infections are very common and occur worldwide affecting millions of people, especially immunocompromised patients. The most common types of these infections are dermatophytosis (tinea or ringworm), pityriasis versicolor (formerly tinea versicolor) and candidiasis (moniliasis). These occur by fungal invasion into the skin, keratinized tissues and mucous membranes [2]. Trichosporon and Fusarium species also cause superficial fungal infection, but also may be considered an invasive pathogen that may cause a systemic infection [3,4].Dermatophytosis: Dermatophytes are fungi that invade keratinized structures of humans and animals producing a condition called dermatophytosis or, more commonly, tinea [5,6]. These fungi belong to three main genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton, of these T. rubrum is the most prevalent species worldwide [7,8]. The mechanisms of pathogenicity of these fungi are not yet well understood. There are several studies focusing on keratinolytic proteases (keratinases) produced by dermatophytes, but it is not known how these fungi regulate the use of these proteases to obtain nutrients from the stratum corneum substrate they invade, and whether there are additional roles of these proteins in adhesion and immunomodulation [9].To establish the infection, the contact of arthroconidia or hyphal fragmens with the host skin is essential. The fungi express spe...

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Section: Dermatophytosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Superficial and Cutaneous Fungal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on Fungal Disease: From Establish Infection to Clinical Manifestation

Melo¹,

Scorzoni²,

Rossi³

et al. 2017

J Biotechnol Biomater

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“…To further build on this theory, dermatophytes such as T. rubrum are known to be able to form biofilms on nails [14]. This can be established in part through quorum sensing.…”

Section: Biofilms and Onychomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of biofilms can also explain the difference in treatment response as phenotypic characteristics of the same organism change (including growth rate and gene activation) when converting from planktonic to biofilm lifestyles [14]. For example, microbes can form communities insulated from the environment within biofilms.…”

Section: Biofilms and Onychomycosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiofilm Treatment for Onychomycosis and Chronic Fungal Infections

Gupta

Carviel

Shear

2017

Skin Appendage Disord

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Onychomycosis is a difficult-to-treat chronic fungal infection of the nail. The chronic nature of onychomycosis, with relevance to current treatment practices, could be attributed to host anergy, development of increased virulence in causal agents (multidrug resistance efflux pump), and biofilms. Biofilms must be disrupted prior to antifungal treatment suggesting the necessity of combination treatment. Once the biofilm has been disrupted, further techniques in addition to antifungal usage are suggested to ensure a positive prognosis including use of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or low-frequency surface acoustic waves. Overall, with continued success in developing antibiofilm treatment for bacterial and yeast pathogens, therapy can be more quickly expanded to dermatophytes. With a rise in predisposing factors, it is important to preemptively address treatment for this disease with continued investigation into antibiofilm therapy including optimal treatment combinations and dosages targeted specifically at dermatophytes.

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