<i>In Vivo</i> sodium multiple quantum spectroscopy of human articular cartilage

Reddy, Ravinder; S, Li; Ea, Noyszewski; Jb, Kneeland; Js, Leigh

doi:10.1002/mrm.1910380208

Cited by 52 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Also, 23 Na in articular cartilage shows quadrupole splitting that depends sample compression (13). These observations suggest that biopolymer gels and biological tissue (1, 2) may not always be in the limiting case of e Ӷ 1 and that it is appropriate to examine the general case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Woessner

Bansal

1998

Journal of Magnetic Resonance

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…By substituting these matrix elements into Eq. [13], we find that the transverse magnetization in uniform B 0 following a 90°RF pulse applied in the x-direction generates the following in-phase on-resonance NMR signal in the ''real'' channel of the NMR receiver:…”

Section: Phase Coherences For Nmr Signal Following One 90°pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Woessner

Bansal

1998

Journal of Magnetic Resonance

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“…It does not have complications of mixing of odd and even rank coherences associated with the DQF signal. Furthermore, it can be used with surface coils, which have inhomogeneous B 1 fields, to study relaxation in biological tissues (106,107). Double quantum filtered signal expression.…”

Section: Multiple Quantum Filtered (Mqf) Nmrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

et al. 2006

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In this article, both sodium magnetic resonance (MR) and T 1r relaxation mapping aimed at measuring molecular changes in cartilage for the diagnostic imaging of osteoarthritis are reviewed. First, an introduction to structure of cartilage, its degeneration in osteoarthritis (OA) and an outline of diagnostic imaging methods in quantifying molecular changes and early diagnostic aspects of cartilage degeneration are described. The sodium MRI section begins with a brief overview of the theory of sodium NMR of biological tissues and is followed by a section on multiple quantum filters that can be used to quantify both bi-exponential relaxation and residual quadrupolar interaction. Specifically, (i) the rationale behind the use of sodium MRI in quantifying proteoglycan (PG) changes, (ii) validation studies using biochemical assays, (iii) studies on human OA specimens, (iv) results on animal models and (v) clinical imaging protocols are reviewed. Results demonstrating the feasibility of quantifying PG in OA patients and comparison with that in healthy subjects are also presented. The section concludes with the discussion of advantages and potential issues with sodium MRI and the impact of new technological advancements (e.g. ultra-high field scanners and parallel imaging methods). In the theory section on T 1r , a brief description of (i) principles of measuring T 1r relaxation, (ii) pulse sequences for computing T 1r relaxation maps, (iii) issues regarding radio frequency power deposition, (iv) mechanisms that contribute to T 1r in biological tissues and (v) effects of exchange and dipolar interaction on T 1r dispersion are discussed. Correlation of T 1r relaxation rate with macromolecular content and biomechanical properties in cartilage specimens subjected to trypsin and cytokineinduced glycosaminoglycan depletion and validation against biochemical assay and histopathology are presented. Experimental T 1r data from osteoarthritic specimens, animal models, healthy human subjects and as well from osteoarthritic patients are provided. The current status of T 1r relaxation mapping of cartilage and future directions is also discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEYWORDS: cartilage; arthritis; spin-lock; T1rho; sodium; MRI OSTEOARTHRITIS Osteoarthritis (OA) affects more than half of the population above the age of 65 (1,2) and has a significant negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals (3). The economic costs in the USA from OA have been estimated to be more than 1% of the gross domestic product (4). OA is now increasingly viewed as a metabolically active joint disorder of diverse etiologies. The biochemistry of the disease is characterized by the following changes in cartilage: reduced proteoglycan (PG) concentration, possible changes in the size of collagen fibril and aggregation of PG, increased water content and increased rate of synthesis and degradation of matrix macromolecules. The earliest changes in the cartilage due to OA result in a partial breakdown in the proteoglyc...

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“…12 23 Na residual quadrupolar interaction was also found in human skeletal muscle, brain and articular cartilage in vivo. 38,39 The experiment was performed with surface coils and theoretical analysis has shown that, even with arbitrary flip angles, the filtering capabilities of the DQ filter are retained. 26 For articular cartilage the effect of compression on the SQ, DQF and TQF 23 Na spectra was also measured.…”

Section: Na In Biological Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

et al. 2001

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In ordered systems, where the molecular motion is anisotropic, quadrupolar and dipolar interactions are not averaged to zero. In such cases, double quantum (DQ) coherences can be formed. This review deals mainly with the effect of anisotropic motion of water molecules and sodium ions in intact biological tissues on 2 H, 1 H and 23 Na NMR spectroscopy and its application to NMR imaging (MRI).Double quantum filtered (DQF) spectra of water molecules and sodium ions were detected in a variety of ordered biological tissues. In collagen-containing tissues such as ligaments, tendons, cartilage, skin, blood vessels and nerves, the DQ coherences are formed as a result of the interaction with the collagen fibers. In red blood cells and presumably also in nerve axons it stems from the interaction with the cytoskeleton.For 23 Na, an I = 3/2 nucleus, the DQ coherences can also be formed in isotropic media. By a judicial choice of the pulse angle in the DQ pulse sequence only the DQ coherences arising from anisotropic motion are detected. For I = 1 nuclei such as 2 H, DQF spectra can be observed only in ordered structures. Thus, the observation of 2 H DQF spectra is an indication of order. The same is true for pairs of equivalent 1 H nuclei.The dependence of the DQF signal on the creation time of the double quantum coherences is characteristic to each tissue and allows signals to be resolved from different tissues by performing the measurements at different creation times. In this way, the 2 H DQF signals of the different compartments of sciatic nerve were resolved and water diffusion in each compartment was studied independently. In the axon, the diffusion was heavily restricted perpendicular to the axon's long axis, a result from which the axon diameter could be deduced. In blood vessel walls, this characteristic enabled the different layers of the vessel to be viewed and studied under strain.For 2 H, a DQF spectroscopic imaging sequence was used to study the orientation of the collagen fibers in the different zones of articular cartilage and bone plug. The effect of pressure on the fibers and their return to equilibrium was studied as well. In blood vessels, a DQF image was obtained and strain maps of the different layers were calculated.The efficiency of the 1 H DQF imaging technique was demonstrated on a phantom of rat tail where only the four tendons were detected at short creation times. 1 H DQF imaging and spectroscopy followed the healing of a rabbit's ruptured Achilles tendon and the results were far more sensitive to the process than conventional imaging. Finally, the method was implemented on a commercial whole body MRI spectrometer. Images of human wrist and ankle showed a positive contrast for the tendons and ligaments, indicating the potential of the method for clinical imaging.

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In Vivo sodium multiple quantum spectroscopy of human articular cartilage

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

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In Vivo sodium multiple quantum spectroscopy of human articular cartilage

Cited by 52 publications

References 30 publications

Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Temporal Characteristics of NMR Signals from Spin 3/2 Nuclei of Incompletely Disordered Systems

Sodium and T1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage

Multiquantum filters and order in tissues

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Sodium and T_1ρ MRI for molecular and diagnostic imaging of articular cartilage