I-Min: An Intelligent Fermat Point Based Energy Efficient Geographic Packet Forwarding Technique for Wireless Sensor and Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract

Energy consumption and delay incurred in packet delivery

Effect of Multipath Fading and Propagation Environment on the Performance of a Fermat Point Based Energy Efficient Geocast Routing Protocol

“…In this paper we have considered both these parameters to find out the degree of variation on the performance of a protocol that doesn't consider either of these two parameters. Here, the geocast routing protocol under consideration is the I-MIN protocol [1]. In [1] the radio model used considered data size and distance between the nodes as the functions of energy consumed by a node while transmitting.…”

“…Here, the geocast routing protocol under consideration is the I-MIN protocol [1]. In [1] the radio model used considered data size and distance between the nodes as the functions of energy consumed by a node while transmitting. Energy consumed by a node while receiving was however a function of the received data volume only.…”

EEICCP—Energy Efficient Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Energy is dissipated while transmitting and receiving the data and energy consumption for the short distance is d 2 when propagation is in line of sight and d 4 for the long distance due to multipath fading propagation [4,12]. It works on the routine measurements and sensing takes place constantly resulting in steady volume of data being transmitted to the sink.…”

“…In cluster based single hop conventional protocols when data is sent directly to base station, value of path loss exponent is increased due to multipath fading channel [4,12] which affects the rate of energy consumption, directly proportional to it, same happens in LEACH [2] and HCR [3]. So a new protocol EEICCP (energy efficient inter cluster coordination protocol) has been developed where deployment of nodes is homogenous, transmission of data is multi hop and it uses the line of sight propagation to reduce the path loss exponent to reduce the energy consumption.…”

“…A two ray model [14] describes the relation of the distance with received power which is inversely proportional to the distance d. So protocol EEICCP considers that if the distance is short then the path loss exponent is taken d 2 and if the distance is long then the path loss exponent will be d 4 . The energy consumed in transmission includes the data size and the distance, the energy consumption in receiving mode includes the data volume only [12]. The energy loss equations used in this protocol are:…”