Propionibacterium

Abstract

Pro.pio.ni.bac.te'ri.um. N.L. n. acidum propionicum propionic aid; L. neut. n. bacterium a small rod; N.L. neut. n. Propionibacterium propionic (acid) bacterium. Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Propionibacteriaceae / Propionibacterium Pleomorphic rods , 0.2–1.5 µm ×, 1–5 µm, often diphtheroid or club‐shaped with one end rounded and the other tapered or pointed; however, cells may be coccoid, bifid, branched, or filamentous with lengths up to 20 μm . Cells may occur singly, in pairs or short chains, in V or Y configurations, or in clumps with “Chinese character” arrangement. Swollen spherical cells resembling sphaeroplasts, up to 5–20 µm in diameter, are formed by some strains. Highly filamentous microcolonies of long, branched, septate or non‐septate filaments may be formed. Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile , non‐acid‐fast, non‐sporeforming. Anaerobic‐to‐aerotolerant‐to‐microaerophilic, although some strains can grow aerobically, most grow better anaerobically. Chemo‐organotrophic mostly with complex nutritional requirements, grow in standard complex media : fermentation of sugars, polyhydroxy alcohols , or lactate produced by the fermentative activities of other bacteria (secondary fermentation) and produce large amounts of propionic and acetic acids which is a distinguishing feature of the genus. Lesser amounts of iso‐valeric, formic, succinic, or lactic acids and carbon dioxide are also formed. Generally catalase‐positive. Optimum growth temperature 30–37°C . Colonies on solid media are smooth, convex, or rough. Floccular or granular masses of variable size may be observed in liquid media. White, gray, pink, red, yellow, or orange in color. Cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains either meso ‐ or LL ‐diaminopimelic acid (DAP) as the dibasic amino acid. Tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units [ MK‐9(H 4 )] are the major respiratory quinones. The long‐chain cellular fatty acids are of the straight‐chain saturated, iso‐ and anteiso‐methyl branched types, principally 12‐ and 13‐methyltetradecanoic acids (C 15:0 iso; C 15:0 anteiso); monounsaturated acids may also be present in small amounts. DNA G + C content ( mol %): 57–70. Type species : Propionibacterium freudenreichii van Niel 1928, 162 AL .

Propionibacterium acnes and Acne Vulgaris: New Insights from the Integration of Population Genetic, Multi-Omic, Biochemical and Host-Microbe Studies

“…It has been known for some time that type I strains show variable β-haemolysis activity, which is absent from type II and III strains [34,91]. Although not described in previous proteomic and transcriptomic studies, biochemical analysis has also found that P. acnes produces neuraminidase or sialidase activities that cleave sialoglycoconjugates [92]; several putative genes for the enzyme have been identified within the genome sequence (PPA1560, PPA684, PPA685).…”

Genotypic Variation of Endophytic Nitrogen-Fixing Activity and Bacterial Flora in Rice Stem Based on Sugar Content

“…Bootstrap values of ≥50% are indicated at their respective nodes. Reference type strains are indicated with superscript “†.” The backgrounds of the reference strains are colored according to the sugar (sucrose and/or glucose) utilization capacity of those bacteria based on the data from (1) Lee et al ( 2013 ); (2) Staley ( 1984 ); (3) Kuykendall et al ( 2015 ); (4) Dall'Agnol et al ( 2013 ); (5) Baldani et al ( 2015 ); (6) Hungria et al ( 1993 ); (7) Kuykendall ( 2015 ); (8) Sajnaga and Jach ( 2020 ); (9) Ahnia et al ( 2018 ); (10) Reis et al ( 2004 ); (11) Chen et al ( 2006 ); (12) Coenye et al ( 2001 ); (13) Wolterink et al ( 2005 ); (14) Weon et al ( 2008 ); (15) Qiu et al ( 2017 ); (16) Hardoim et al ( 2013 ); (17) Xu et al ( 2020 ); (18) Ueki et al ( 2006 ); (19) Olsen ( 2015 ); (20) Imhoff ( 2015b ); (21) Diaz-Barrera et al ( 2016 ); (22) Bae et al ( 2006 ); (23) Norris et al ( 2015 ); and (24) Patrick and McDowell ( 2015 ). The black-and-white shading in the columns on the right-hand of the NifH-OTU name indicates the mean relative abundance of the NifH-OTUs in each rice genotype ( n = 2 for Nipponbare; n = 3 for agpl1 , Leafstar, and CG14).…”

“…For reference strains used in the phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA and NifH (Figures 6, 8), the sugar (sucrose and glucose) utilization ability was estimated at the strain, species, and at the genus levels with available information. Most of the reference strains selected for the phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA and 23) Norris et al (2015); and (24) Patrick and McDowell (2015). The black-and-white shading in the columns on the right-hand of the NifH-OTU name indicates the mean relative abundance of the NifH-OTUs in each rice genotype (n = 2 for Nipponbare; n = 3 for agpl1, Leafstar, and CG14).…”

Utilization of propionic acid bacteria in the biotransformation of soy (tofu) whey: Growth and metabolite changes

“…Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Acidipropionibacterium jensenii , and A. acidipropionici are dairy PAB that are suitable for propionic acid and vitamin B 12 production due to the ability to utilize simple sugars such as glucose and fructose (Patrick & McDowell, 2015; Piwowarek et al., 2018). Nutritional requirements for PAB growth vary with species and strains.…”