Protoperidinium tricingulatum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new motile form of a round, brown, and spiny dinoflagellate cyst

Abstract

Protoperidinium tricingulatum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new motile form of a round, brown, and spiny dinoflagellate cystp re_545 259..267 SUMMARY A small, broadly ovoidal and heterotrophic dinoflagellate containing round, brownish, and spiny cyst was found in the water column of Huibertsplaat in the Wadden Sea off the coast of the Netherlands. This dinoflagellate had these conspicuous morphological characters: a five-sided first apical plate (1′), only three cingular plates, and an extremely small first antapical plate. Based on these morphological features, Protoperidinium tricingulatum Kawami, vanWezel, Koeman et Matsuoka is described as a new species. The flagellar pore of P. tricingulatum is covered with a small fin, which rises from the left side of the right sulcal plate to the large V-shaped posterior sulcal plate. This feature suggests that P. tricingulatum is assigned to the Abé's Monovela Group. The cyst stage of P. tricingulatum was positively linked to the vegetative stage by comparison of the ribosomal 5.8S rDNA, internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2). Living cysts of P. tricingulatum are round, brownish, and covered with many slender spines bearing capitate or cauliforate distal ends. The cyst also possesses a theropylic archeopyle formed by a slit corresponding to parasutures between three apical and two apical intercaraly plates. These morphological characters indicate that this species is morphologically related to two dinoflagellate cystgenera Islandinium and Echinidinium.

Operational taxonomy and (paleo-)autecology of round, brown, spiny dinoflagellate cysts from the Quaternary of high northern latitudes

“…cezare in bearing very fine processes with capitate distal ends, and exclusively circular process bases (Table 2). It is morphologically very similar to the cyst of P. tricingulatum described from the Wadden Sea by Kawami et al (2009). Unlike specimens observed in the present study, cysts of P. tricingulatum show denser process distribution and a more conspicuous (zigzag) theropylic archeopyle.…”

“…cezare (Kara Sea;Head et al, 2001) Cyst of Protoperidinium tricingulatum (Wadden Sea; Kawami et al, 2009) Head et al, 2001, n = 22), and the average measurement (filled triangle) and maximum and minimum central body diameter and process length (error bars) for cysts of Protoperidinium tricingulatum from the Wadden Sea (Kawami et al, 2009, n = 10). bases of the processes are always observed and constitute a unique feature of the species (K. Matsuoka, personal communication to TR, 2011).…”

“…This is the case for specimens informally designated as "round brown spiny cysts" (RBSCs), which represent brown cysts with a spherical central body bearing numerous non-tabular spines (processes) distributed more or less randomly. The motile-stage counterparts of RBSCs are still poorly documented although some work on genetics and cyst-theca relationships have shown that RBSCs are produced by Archaeperidinium saanichi (Mertens et al, 2012), Oblea acanthocysta (Kawami et al, 2006), Polykrikos hartmannii (Matsuoka and Fukuyo, 1986), "Protoperidinium canadiensis" (Potvin et al, 2010), Protoperidinium minutum (Ribeiro et al, 2010), Protoperidinium monospinum (Zonneveld and Dale, 1994), and Protoperidinium tricingulatum (Kawami et al, 2009).…”

Taxonomy of dinoflagellates, the genus Protoperidium (Archaeperidinium), in coastal waters of Vietnam

“…Phân chi Archaeperidinium (Jörgensen, 1912) Balech, 1974 có bảy tấm trên đai và hai tấm xen, đến nay, trên thế giới có khoảng 20 loài được thừa nhận [23]. Kawami et al (2009) [25] đã tìm ra loài mới P. tricingulatum, tuy nhiên, Potvin et al (2013) [42] đã chuyển loài này sang chi mới Islandinium Head, Harland & Matthiessen, 2001. Mới đây, Liu et al (2015) [31] [55].…”

Molecular phylogeny of the marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellateHerdmania litoralisand an emended description of the closely related planktonic genusArchaeperidiniumJörgensen

“…The recently described species, Protoperidinium vorax, P. bolmonense and P. tricingulatum, possess only three cingular plates without a transitional plate (Siano & Montresor, 2005;Chome´rat & Coute´, 2008;Kawami et al, 2009). These species, like Archaeperidinium minutum, have rounded cells without an antapical extension.…”