SPANXN2 functions a cell migration inhibitor in testicular germ cell tumor cells

Abstract

Background SPANX family members are thought to play an important role in cancer progression. The SPANXN2 is a gene expressed mainly in normal testis, but its role in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) has yet to be investigated. TGCT is one of the most common solid tumors in young men and is associated with poor prognosis; however, effective prognostic indicators remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated the role of SPANXN2 in TGCT development. Methods SPANXN2 expression levels were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses of 14 TGCT samples and five adjacent normal tissue samples. SPANXN2 was transiently overexpressed in TGCT cells to study the consequences for cell function. The effects of SPANXN2 on cell migration were evaluated in transwell and wound healing assays. The effects on cloning ability were evaluated in colony formation assays. MTT assays and cell cycle analysis were used to detect the effects of SPANXN2 on cell proliferation. The expression levels of EMT- and AKT-related proteins in cells overexpressing SPANXN2 were analyzed by Western blotting. Results Compared with adjacent normal tissues, the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database showed SPANXN2 expression was downregulated in TGCTs which was consistent with the qRT-PCR analysis. SPANXN2 overexpression reduced cell migration and colony formation capability and downregulated expression of EMT- and AKT-related proteins, Vimentin, Snail, AKT, and p-AKT. Conclusion Our results suggest that SPANXN2 regulates TGCT cell migration via EMT- and AKT-related proteins although its role in the occurrence and development of TGCT remains to be fully elucidated.

SMC5 Plays Independent Roles in Congenital Heart Disease and Neurodevelopmental Disability

“…As de novo variants play an important role in the development of CHD and NDD [ 16 ], we focused on the de novo variants in genes SMC5 and TPRA1 . We did not assess SPANXN2 as it is primarily expressed in the testis and is classified as a sperm-specific protein with a role in testicular cell tumors [ 27 ]. To investigate further, we performed a gene KO via CRISPR-Cas 9 mediated gene editing with 2 non-overlapping sequences of smc5 and tpra1 in X. tropicalis embryos.…”