I. Stylohyoid chain ossification: A discussion of etiology

Camarda, A.J.; Deschamps, Christel; Forest, D.

doi:10.1016/0030-4220(89)90264-8

Cited by 163 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Most of the theories are based on the ossification and/ or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament and explains the variations of the so-called "complete HA" or the elongation of the styloid process (Graf, 1959;Goldstein and Scopp, 1973;Frommer, 1974;Monsour and Young, 1986;Ruprecht et al, 1988;Camarda et al, 1989aCamarda et al, ,1989bOmmell et al, 1998;MacDonald-Jankowski, 2001;Krennmair and Piehslinger, 2003;€ Otzas and Orhan, 2012;Alpoz et al, 2014). The associated syndromes are also reported (Eagle, 1948;Eagle, 1949;Aubin and Estenne, 1954;Eagle, 1958;Koebke, 1976).…”

Section: D) External Carotid Artery (Ec) External Carotid Nerves (Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

Verdugo-López

Abé

et al. 2015

The Anatomical Record

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Currently, theories based on acquired calcification of the stylohyoid ligament are believed to be a pathogenesis of syndromes associated with the hyoid apparatus (HA) and its variations. We studied the development of the HA from Reicherts cartilage using serial sections of 25 human embryos and 45 fetuses. We ensured a fact that, at the initial stage, the HA appeared as two independent cartilage segments, that is, the cranial or styloid segment and the caudal or hyoid segment of Reichert's cartilage, those are connected by a mesenchymal structure. However, between 8 and 10 weeks of development, the mesenchymal connection was lost. We hypothesize that this disconnection is likely to be one of the major factors to make a descent of the hyoid bone in evolution. The stylohyoid ligament was not observed. The variations of the HA, should be considered variations of the development of Reicherts cartilage. If these variations are maintained in the adult, are likely to explain a major symptom associated with Eagle s syndrome.

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Section: D) External Carotid Artery (Ec) External Carotid Nerves (Ementioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Rodríguez‐Vázquez

Verdugo-López

Abé

et al. 2015

The Anatomical Record

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“…A diagnosis of stylohyoid syndrome is applied only when patients have stylohyoid chain ossifi cation and/or styloid process elongation with symptoms; there is no history of cervicopharyngeal trauma [11]. Diagnosis can usually be made on physical examination by digital palpation of the styloid process in the tonsillar fossa, which exacerbates the pain and with radiographic work-up.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of symptomatic patients have had no recent history of tonsillectomy or other cervicopharyngeal trauma trauma [13][14][15]. The clinical symptoms of an elongated styloid process can be misdiagnosed, as salivary gland disease, otitis media, temporomandibular myofacial dysfunction syndrome or glossopharyngeal neuralgia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment in cases of true stylohyoid chain ossifi cation caused by trauma (Eagle's syndrome) is immediate surgical excision, involving the intraoral approach, with complete surgical excision of the styloid process and/or ossifi ed stylohyoid ligament. The extraoral lateral neck approach is only indicated when the intraoral approach is not possible, as in limited jaw opening [15]. Postsurgery, thrombosis of the internal carotid artery is a dreaded complication.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Significance of styloidectomy in Eagle’s syndrome: an analysis

Mohanty

Thirumaran

Gopinath

et al. 2009

Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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Objectives/hypothesis Reported here is a randomized retrospective analysis of 28 cases of elongated styloid process causing nagging cervicofacial pain, both unilateral and bilateral, and the effect of styloidectomy in these cases in relieving the symptom complex of the patient, in situations where conservative management failed in alleviating the symptoms.Study design Randomized retrospective analysis over a period of 25 months. ConclusionElongated styloid process causing glossopharyn-geal neuralgia is beginning to be a frequently encountered clinical entity nowadays. Of the 28 cases of elongated styloid process who underwent unilateral/ bilateral styloidectomy, 27 patients had total relief of symptoms. Hence, we advocate styloidectomy, following careful diagnosis of the entity with clinical and radiological correlation, if the patient does not respond to medical therapy. The psychological status of the patient would provide clue to the authenticity of the symptoms in unrelieved cases.

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“…The carotid artery type involves headache, orbital pain and transient ischemic attacks (1,2). It is caused by an elongated or deviated (anteriorly angulated) styloid process and/or calcification/ossification of the stylohyoid chain complex (1,3). Due to these anatomical changes, pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or pre-auricular area as well as limited or asymmetrical mandibular movements may also be reported by patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral complete articulated ossification and aberrant thickening of the stylohyoid chain

et al. 2017

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Eagle's syndrome is a rare clinical entity associated with craniofacial and cervical pain. It is caused by an elongated or deviated styloid process and/ or calcification/ossification of the stylohyoid ligament. Complete ossification and aberrant thickening of the stylohyoid chain is the most unusual manifestation. We report a patient who presented with complaints of foreign body sensation, dysphagia and moderate submandibular pain caused by unilateral complete ossification, abnormal thickening and hypertrophy of the stylohyoid chain. This case was also unique in that histopathological investigation demonstrated mature bone with both compact and cancellous bone as well as bone marrow.

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I. Stylohyoid chain ossification: A discussion of etiology

Cited by 163 publications

References 23 publications

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

The Origin of the Variations of the Hyoid Apparatus in Human

Significance of styloidectomy in Eagle’s syndrome: an analysis

Unilateral complete articulated ossification and aberrant thickening of the stylohyoid chain

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