<i>Type 2</i> diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Durham, AE; Hughes, Kristopher; Cottle, H. J.; Rendle, David; Boston, RC

doi:10.2746/042516409x452152

Cited by 66 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…31 The equine veterinary literature concerning DM includes several references to the development of IR, attributable to hyperadrenocorticism resulting from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). 27,32 These cases are best classified as examples of type 2 DM when compared with the human field. 30 As an herbivorous species, the equine pituitary gland has a well-developed "intermediate lobe" that secretes several proopiomelanocortin peptides or "melanocortins" (corticotropin, beta-endorphin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide) that are important for the seasonal physiological adaptations in readiness for winter.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitus In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…27,28 Hypertriglyceridemia may also occur as a result of DM (insulin normally acts to stimulate lipoprotein lipase and offset the development of hypertriglyceridemia). 29 Although diabetes in human medicine may be classified as insulin-dependent DM (or type 1) or noninsulindependent DM (or type 2), these distinctions have not been applied extensively in the equine veterinary field.…”

Section: Diabetes Mellitus In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Johnson

Wiedmeyer

LaCarrubba

et al. 2012

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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Abbreviations: (CGIT) combined intravenous glucose-insulin test, (DM) diabetes mellitus, (EMS) equine metabolic syndrome, (HbA1c) glycosylated hemoglobin, (IR) AbstractAnalogous to the situation in human medicine, contemporary practices in horse management, which incorporate lengthy periods of physical inactivity coupled with provision of nutritional rations characterized by inappropriately high sugar and starch, have led to obesity being more commonly recognized by practitioners of equine veterinary practice. In many of these cases, obesity is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and glucose intolerance. An equine metabolic syndrome (MS) has been described that is similar to the human MS in that both IR and aspects of obesity represent cornerstones of its definition.Unlike its human counterpart, identification of the equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) portends greater risk for development of laminitis, a chronic, crippling affliction of the equine hoof. When severe, laminitis sometimes necessitates euthanasia. Unlike the human condition, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and many other chronic conditions, for which the risk is recognized as increased in the face of MS, is less likely in horses. The equine veterinary literature has been replete with reports of scientific investigations regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of EMS.

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Section: Diabetes Mellitus In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diabetes Mellitus In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Johnson

Wiedmeyer

LaCarrubba

et al. 2012

J Diabetes Sci Technol

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“…In human diabetes, hyperglycaemia and the auto-oxidation of glucose provides substrate for the glycoxidative stress pathway. However, persistent hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus are apparently rare in horses (Johnson et al, 2005 andDurham et al, 2009), suggesting that factors other than glucose (e.g. insulin) could potentially lead to the increase in AGEs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of the glycoxidative stress marker pentosidine with equine laminitis

Valle

Storace

Sanguineti

et al. 2013

The Veterinary Journal

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Ponies suffering from recurrent episodes of laminitis when grazed at pasture (pastureassociated laminitis) exhibit phenotypes similar to those associated with human metabolic syndrome. In humans, evidence suggests that the obesity-related morbidities associated with metabolic syndrome, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, are caused by an increase in the production of advanced glycoxidation end-products (AGEs). These end-products have been recognised as putative pro-inflammatory mediators and are considered a 'risk factor' for human health. However, the evaluation of AGEs in laminitic ponies has not been explored.The aim of this study was to compare plasma concentrations of the AGE pentosidine (PENT) in ponies presenting with clinical features of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) with a history of recent laminitis and/or showing signs of laminitis at the time of sampling (LP) with those with no prior history of clinical laminitis (NL). Age, body condition score (BCS) and bodyweight were recorded and blood samples collected for the measurement of plasma concentrations of PENT, glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and cortisol. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the reciprocal of the square root of insulin (RISQI) and the insulin:glucose ratio. Plasma PENT concentrations were twofold higher (P < 0.005) in LP than in NL ponies. Significant (P < 0.05) correlations were also evident between PENT and insulin, RISQI, TG and age. These preliminary findings are consistent with the hypothesis that glycoxidation in laminitis is associated with EMS.

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“…T2DM occurs in older horses affected with polyuria, polydipsia and body weight loss as a consequence of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Cases of bona fide DM were described in adult horses (caused by chronic pancreatitis, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, granulosa cell tumour, immune polyendocrinopathy, and ovarian neoplasia in pregnancy) (Durham et al 2009;Johnson et al 2012).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Insulin Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin resistance in the horse: a review

Kaczmarek

Janicki

Głowska

2015

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Insulin resistance (IR) is a state in which the tissues show a reduced sensitivity to insulin despite its normal or even increased concentration in blood. IR causes inability of peripheral tissues to respond to the hormone and to increase the glucose uptake from blood nor to raise the metabolism rate. The tissues resistance to insulin may refer to the prereceptor malfunctions, which reduce the concentration of insulin or decrease the number of insulin receptors; however, in most cases changes in signal transduction after insulin binding to the receptor are observed. The development of IR is determined by a number of genetic and environmental factors. One of the most relevant causes is obesity, which develops into a growing problem among the horse population all over the world. The accumulation of lipids in the tissues (lipotoxicity) and a mild inflammation caused by the release of proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines from the fat tissue are a common denominator that links obesity with IR. Both IR and obesity seem to cause metabolism malfunctions in horses and are the key components of equine metabolic syndrome; moreover, both may be the reason for endocrinological laminitis. The methods of prevention and treatment of IR include feeding the animals with low glycemic index food and increasing physical activity as well as pharmacological treatment, where levothyroxine sodium and metformin are of the highest importance. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Abstract: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.

Cited by 66 publications

References 43 publications

Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Metabolic Syndrome in Horses

Association of the glycoxidative stress marker pentosidine with equine laminitis

Insulin resistance in the horse: a review

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