Yersinia

Abstract

Yer.si' ni.a . M.L. fem. n. Yersinia named for the French bacteriologist A.J.E. Yersin, who first isolated the causal organism of plague in 1894. Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacteriales / Enterobacteriaceae / Yersinia Straight rods to coccobacilli , 0.5–0.8 × 1–3 µm. Endospores are not formed. Capsules are not present, but an envelope occurs in Y. pestis strains grown at 37°C and in cells from clinical sources. Gram negative, nonmotile at 37°C, but motile with peritrichous flagella when grown below 30°C, except for Y. pestis , which is always nonmotile . Growth occurs on ordinary bacteriological media. Colonies of yersiniae are translucent to opaque, 0.1–1.0 mm in diameter after 24 h. Optimum growth temperature, 28–29°C. Facultatively anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Oxidase negative. Catalase positive. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite with a few exceptions in specific biovars. D ‐glucose and other carbohydrates are fermented with acid production but little or no gas. Phenotypic characteristics are often temperature dependent, and usually more characteristics are expressed by cultures incubated at 25–29°C than at 35–37°C . The enterobacterial common antigen is present in all species investigated. Widely distributed in nature with some species adapted to specific animal hosts and humans. Several species are pathogenic for humans and animals including Y. pestis , the causative agent of plague. A significant cause of food‐borne and waterborne disease. Belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria . The mol % G + C of the DNA is : 46–50. Type species : Yersinia pestis (Lehmann and Neumann 1896) Van Loghem 1944, 15 ( Bacterium pestis Lehmann and Neumann 1896, 194; Yersinia pseudotuberculosis subsp. pestis Bercovier, Mollaret, Alonso, Brault, Fanning, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1981a, 383.)

Budvicia diplopodorum sp. nov. and emended description of the genus Budvicia

“…Members of both genera are biochemically more active at 25-30 u C than at 35-37 u C, are negative for Voges-Proskauer reaction, indole production and phenylalanine deaminase and most strains reduce nitrate to nitrite, produce urease and acidify L-arabinose and Dxylose (Bottone et al, 2005;Bouvet et al, 1985). Hydrogen sulfide production, the feature which was the most useful character to delineate the members of the two genera, is no longer suitable for that purpose according to our findings.…”

“…T did not form acid from Lrhamnose in both API strips within 2 days (Table 2 and Table S2) and showed only a weak and delayed acid formation in semisolid agar slabs after 9 days at 28 u C (Table 1) whereas the species descriptions report a positive reaction (Sprague et al, 2008;Bottone et al, 2005) and had a weak and delayed reaction (after 9 days at 28 u C) in semisolid agar slabs, whereas the species description reported a positive reaction (Sprague et al, 2008). The reactions stated in this study were in good agreement with the description of Y. frederiksenii (Ursing et al, 1980).…”

“…T to those mentioned in the literature for Y. pestis, strain D9 T may be discriminated from the latter by its ability to produce hydrogen sulfide from proteose peptone and acid from L-rhamnose and its inability to grow at 37 u C or to hydrolyse aesculin (Bottone et al, 2005). According to Bottone et al (2005), strains of Y. pestis uniformly produce acid from trehalose, which would be another discriminating feature; however, Sprague et al (2008) stated that only 10 % of 40 strains acidify this sugar.…”

“…According to Bottone et al (2005), strains of Y. pestis uniformly produce acid from trehalose, which would be another discriminating feature; however, Sprague et al (2008) stated that only 10 % of 40 strains acidify this sugar. From the fact that strains D9…”

The repeat structure of two paralogous genes, Yersinia ruckeri invasin (yrInv) and a “Y. ruckeri invasin-like molecule”, (yrIlm) sheds light on the evolution of adhesive capacities of a fish pathogen

“…More recently, the phylogenetic tree based on the sequence of 84 housekeeping genes of different Yersinia species showed that Y. ruckeri is the most distinct species within the Yersinia genus (Kotetishvili et al, 2005;. Several authors proposed to reconsider the taxonomic position of this pathogen and suggested that it should constitute a new genus (Bercovier and Mollaret, 1984;Bottone et al, 2005).…”