Ice fraction measurement of ice slurries through electromagnetic attenuation

Hales, Alastair; Quarini, G L; Hilton, Geoff; Ash, Dominic; Lucas, Edward; McBryde, Daniel; Yun, Xueyan

doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.06.004

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, ice production, transportation, and storage are expensive, energy-intensive, and poorly scalable. Moreover, because ice melts rapidly when present in small particles, the distance over which an ice slurry may function as an effective pig is severely limited (43,44). This is particularly problematic in industries where most product movement occurs during the summer months (e.g., wine production).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable manufacturing of biomimetic moldable hydrogels for industrial applications

Chen

Chan

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Hydrogels are a class of soft material that is exploited in many, often completely disparate, industrial applications, on account of their unique and tunable properties. Advances in soft material design are yielding next-generation moldable hydrogels that address engineering criteria in several industrial settings such as complex viscosity modifiers, hydraulic or injection fluids, and sprayable carriers. Industrial implementation of these viscoelastic materials requires extreme volumes of material, upwards of several hundred million gallons per year. Here, we demonstrate a paradigm for the scalable fabrication of self-assembled moldable hydrogels using rationally engineered, biomimetic polymer-nanoparticle interactions. Cellulose derivatives are linked together by selective adsorption to silica nanoparticles via dynamic and multivalent interactions. We show that the self-assembly process for gel formation is easily scaled in a linear fashion from 0.5 mL to over 15 L without alteration of the mechanical properties of the resultant materials. The facile and scalable preparation of these materials leveraging self-assembly of inexpensive, renewable, and environmentally benign starting materials, coupled with the tunability of their properties, make them amenable to a range of industrial applications. In particular, we demonstrate their utility as injectable materials for pipeline maintenance and product recovery in industrial food manufacturing as well as their use as sprayable carriers for robust application of fire retardants in preventing wildland fires.hydrogels | manufacturing | nanotechnology | industrial applications | supramolecular I ndustrial settings present many unique and complicated engineering challenges. Inefficiencies arise in manufacturing because large volumes of material need to be pumped from one location to another and vast lengths of pipe of varying diameters must be cleaned frequently (1). Applications as diverse as hydraulic fracturing and cosmetics rely on processable fluids with complex viscoelastic properties. Moreover, many products and coatings are applied through spraying, which often requires uniform application and tunable retention of solvent and/or product. The advent of macromolecular chemistry has provided myriad polymeric materials that are used in diverse applications, including as food/cosmetic additives and viscosity modifiers. Several aqueous-based applications have exploited covalently cross-linked hydrogels, which comprise a class of soft materials that bind and retain large amounts of water and exhibit broadly tunable mechanical properties. However, the irreversibility of their cross-links is severely limiting and many applications would benefit enormously from new technologies allowing for stimuliresponsive aqueous viscosity modification and/or the ability to rearrange their shape in response to applied stress (2).Recent advances in supramolecular chemistry and materials science are enabling unique solutions to many critical industrial challenges via the production of mo...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable manufacturing of biomimetic moldable hydrogels for industrial applications

Chen

Chan

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…This second observation, while central to our proposed calibration approach presented in this paper, may not strictly apply in future wind tunnel experiments or in the engine environment where particles of liquid water and ice may have different temperatures. Nevertheless, these physical attributes have proven to be useful in the 4/9/2019 measurement of ice fraction in ice slurries [6]. Although a different problem domain, fully liquid water content with ice incorporated as a solid, [6] demonstrates clearly that electromagnetic (EM) attenuation at radio frequencies (RF) may be used to discriminate between ice and water, and indeed measure the proportion of ice.…”

Section: Approach For Microwave Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microwave techniques have previously been applied to the measurement of liquid and solid water in different applications. For example, an ice slurry was considered in [6], whereas steam quality measurements were performed in [7]. Trapp et al [8] reported on a passive radiometric sensor for detecting the presence of ice accretion, which used the frequency range 8.2-12.4 GHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave Technique for Liquid Water Detection in Icing Applications

Leis

Buttsworth

Saeed

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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The partial melting of ingested ice crystals can lead to ice accretion in aircraft compressors, but accurately measuring the relatively small fraction of liquid water content in such flows is challenging. Probebased methods for detecting liquid water content are not suitable for deployment within turbofan engines, and thus alternatives are sought. Recent research has described approaches based on passive microwave sensing. We present here an approach based on active microwave transmission and reflection, employing a vector network analyzer. Utilization of both transmission and reflection provides additional data over and above emission or transmission only, and permits a more controllable environment than passive sensing approaches. The paper specifically addresses the question of whether such an approach is viable within the context of representative icing wind tunnel and engine flow conditions. A quasi-thermal equilibrium approach is presented herein to estimate the melting ratio during microwave analysis of samples at 0 °C. Experimental results using microwaves in the 2.45GHz region are presented, and post-processing methods investigated. This is followed by an investigation of detection limits for ice accretion in the sub-gram range. The results indicate the potential of the technique, with a number of avenues evident for further research.

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“…A high cafetière ice fraction, typically 80%, is required when carrying out ice pigging. Recent research on online ice fraction detection showed that both electromagnetic and ultrasonic waves are suitable for the job 8,9,10,11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

Yun

Quarini

2017

JoVE

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We demonstrate a method for the study of the heat and mass transfer and of the freezing phenomena in a subcooled brine environment. Our experiment showed that, under the proper conditions, ice can be produced when water is introduced to a bath of cold brine. To make ice form, in addition to having the brine and water mix, the rate of heat transfer must bypass that of mass transfer. When water is introduced in the form of tiny droplets to the brine surface, the mode of heat and mass transfer is by diffusion. The buoyancy stops water from mixing with the brine underneath, but as the ice grows thicker, it slows down the rate of heat transfer, making ice more difficult to grow as a result. When water is introduced inside the brine in the form of a flow, a number of factors are found to influence how much ice can form. Brine temperature and concentration, which are the driving forces of heat and mass transfer, respectively, can affect the water-to-ice conversion ratio; lower bath temperatures and brine concentrations encourage more ice to form. The flow rheology, which can directly affect both the heat and mass transfer coefficients, is also a key factor. In addition, the flow rheology changes the area of contact of the flow with the bulk fluid.

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Ice fraction measurement of ice slurries through electromagnetic attenuation

Cited by 21 publications

References 4 publications

Scalable manufacturing of biomimetic moldable hydrogels for industrial applications

Scalable manufacturing of biomimetic moldable hydrogels for industrial applications

Microwave Technique for Liquid Water Detection in Icing Applications

Ice Generation and the Heat and Mass Transfer Phenomena of Introducing Water to a Cold Bath of Brine

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