Identification and Quantification of Antipsychotics in Blood Samples by LC–MS-MS: Case Reports and Data from Three Years of Routine Analysis

Abstract

Antipsychotic drugs (AP) are widely prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis. The pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia is often performed with the simultaneous use of two or more antipsychotic agents to achieve the desired control of psychotic symptoms. Available AP include both conventional (typical) and new (atypical) antipsychotic medications. Atypical AP, such as quetiapine, now account for the vast majority of AP prescriptions. In forensic toxicology, AP are of considerable interest because of their potential abuse and their involvement in intoxications and suicides. The authors retrospectively examined AP positive cases detected in samples collected during autopsies performed in the Forensic Clinical and Pathology Service of National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences centre branch or in other autopsies carried out in the central region of Portugal, between January 2016 and December 2018. A quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) assay was developed for the simultaneous determination of 16 AP (amisulpride, aripiprazole, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cyamemazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, levomepromazine, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, promethazine, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride, ziprasidone) in blood samples of postmortem cases. The Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology received 3588 requests for toxicological analysis: 1413 cases were positive for drugs from which 351 (24.8%) cases were positive for AP, 60.1% from male individuals and 39.9% from female. Quetiapine was the most prevalent AP (36.5%) followed by olanzapine (20.8%). During this period, there were 25 postmortem cases with AP blood concentrations above therapeutic range, in which 36% of those are in agreement with the information received (psychological history or acute intoxication suspicion) and the manner of death was suicide. Our results point that antipsychotics are an increasingly prevalent class of drugs. Antipsychotic drugs must be measured not only in toxic concentrations but also in therapeutic levels in postmortem cases therefore, the importance of a sensitive method to cover the low therapeutic range in which AP are usually present.

Medical Psychotropics in Forensic Autopsies in European Countries: Results from a Three-Year Retrospective Study in Spain

“…In fact, medical psychotropics are frequently found in routine toxicological analyses at compulsory autopsies [3]. The problematic use of psychotropic drugs has increased dramatically in developed countries and, due to their effects on the CNS, an increased presence and involvement of these drugs in forensic issues seems evident [4,5].…”

“…BZDs, Benzodiazepines; 2 ADPs, Antidepressants; 3 SSRIs-ADPs, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Antidepressants (Citalopram, Paroxetine, Sertraline);4 Tri & Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Nortriptiline, Amitriptiline, Maprotiline);5 MOs, Medical Opiates.…”

Development and Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Determine Promethazine and Its Metabolites in Edible Tissues of Swine

“…Various methods have been employed to detect PMZ, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [13,14], spectroscopy [15][16][17], capillary electrophoresis [18,19], high performance liquid chromatography [20,21], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. However, most of the reported detection methods are used for PMZ formulations or detecting illegally added PMZ in animal feed [32,35,44,45].…”

Development, validation, and application of a simple UPLC–MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of five traditional antipsychotics in human plasma

“…It is essential to develop bioanalytical methods for toxicological analysis in hospitals. Drug abuse and addiction can easily lead to serious incidents that endanger public safety (Proenca et al, 2020). Therefore, the development of a sensitive and efficient detection method is essential to reduce drug abuse, especially in the field of forensic medicine.…”