Identification and quantification of methylated PAHs in sediment by two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Skoczynska, E.M.; Leonards, P.E.G.; Boer, Jacob de

doi:10.1039/c2ay25746g

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This is certainly a nontrivial task also with modern developments like GCxGC. For instance, the best separation that could be obtained for 23 isomeric methyl-PAHs with a molecular weight of 242 (e.g., methylbenzophenanthrenes, methylchrysenes, methylbenzoanthracenes), showed that 11 compounds were completely and two were partially separated, whereas the rest still coeluted (66).…”

Section: Challenges and Future Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes

Andersson

Achten²

2015

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

494

288

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The 16 EPA PAHs have played an exceptionally large role above all in environmental and analytical sciences in the last 40 years, but now there are good reasons to question their utility in many circumstances even though their use is so established and comfortable. Here we review the reasons why the list has been so successful and why sometimes it is seen as less relevant. Three groups of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are missing: larger and highly relevant PAHs, alkylated PACs, and compounds containing heteroatoms. Attempts to improve the situation for certain matrixes are known and here: (1) an updated list of PAHs (including the 16 EPA PAHs) for the evaluation of the toxicity in the environment (40 EnvPAHs); (2) a list of 23 NSO-heterocyclic compounds and 6 heterocyclic metabolites; and (3) lists of 10 oxy-PAHs and 10 nitro-PAHs are proposed for practical use in the future. A discussion in the scientific community about these lists is invited. Although the state of knowledge has improved dramatically since the introduction of the 16 EPA PAHs in the 1970s, this summary also shows that more research is needed about the toxicity, occurrence in the environment and chemical analysis, particularly of alkylated PAHs, higher molecular weight PAHs and substituted PACs such as amino-PAHs, cyano-PAHs, etc.. We also suggest that a long overdue discussion of an update of regulatory environmental PAH analysis is initiated.

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Section: Challenges and Future Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes

Andersson

Achten²

2015

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

494

288

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“…Overlap of 3-methylbenz(a)anthracene with 5-methylbenz(a)anthracene and 4methylbenz(a)anthracene with 6-methylbenz(a)anthracene was observed on all three columns (Figure 3). It is worth noting that these isomers could not be separated by GC×GC-MS with different column combinations either [29]. The DB-5 (60 m)×LC-50 (1.2 m) column combination tested by Skoczynska et al [29] in the analysis of the 228-C1 methylated PAHs was able to separate in the second dimension 7-methylbenz(a)anthracene from 9-methylbenz(a)anthracene isomers, two compounds that coelute on the DB-5ms and the 50% phenyl-polysiloxane.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of alkylated PAHs in complex environmental samples is problematic because of numerous coeluting isomers [19,29]. It is not possible to separate all isomers of heavier PAHs in a single chromatographic run on one column but two-dimensional GC-MS analysis (GC×GC-MS) could offer a solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retention Behaviour of Alkylated and Non-Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Different Types of Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography

Skoczynska

Boer

2019

Separations

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The gas chromatographic retention behaviour of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs on a new ionic liquid stationary phase, 1,12-di(tripropylphosphonium) dodecane bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (SLB ® -ILPAH) intended for the separation of PAH mixtures, was compared with the elution pattern on more traditional stationary phases: a non-polar phenyl arylene (DB-5ms) and a semi-polar 50% phenyl dimethyl siloxane (SLB PAHms) column. All columns were tested by injections of working solutions containing 20 parental PAHs from molecular weight of 128 to 278 g/mol and 48 alkylated PAHs from molecular weight of 142 to 280 g/mol on a one dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The SLB PAHms column allowed separation of most isomers. The SLB ® -ILPAH column showed a rather different retention pattern compared to the other two columns and, therefore, provided a potential for use in comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). The ionic liquid column and the 50% phenyl column showed good thermal stability with a low bleed profile, even lower than that of the phenyl arylene "low bleed" column.In non-occupational settings, food is the main source of human exposure to PAHs, followed by cigarette smoke, which in some cases may result in PAH exposure on par with the food uptake route [4,5]. Other important exposure routes include traffic related air pollution and all kinds of occupational exposures. Nonetheless, the new possible exposure pathways are still being identified: e.g. synthetic turf materials used on football fields [6].The analysis of PAHs is generally based on gas chromatography (GC) rather than on liquid chromatography (LC) because GC allows greater selectivity, resolution and sensitivity than LC [7,8]. The GC systems are commonly coupled with flame ionisation detectors (FID) or mass-spectrometric detectors (MS). The GC analysis was conventionally based on non-polar stationary phases operated at relatively high temperatures [8,9]. The 5% phenyl methylpolysiloxane phase (like in the DB-5 column) is still the most often applied one in PAHs analysis and it has also been recommended in a number of US-EPA methods, e.g. US EPA method 610 [10]. Since the 1990s, high phenyl content stationary phases have been more frequently used, e.g. described by the producers as "50% phenyl methylpolysiloxane-like" DB-17MS [8,11], Rxi-PAH [12] or SLB PAHms [13].Some years ago, a new group of stationary phases, based on non-bonded ionic liquids (IL) was introduced [14,15]. Based on non-molecular solvents with low melting points, these stationary phases consist of organic cations plus inorganic or organic anions [16] and, therefore, the IL columns enable chromatographic separation based on a selectivity different to that provided by conventional stationary phases. Some IL columns can exhibit "dual nature" features; they allow separation of non-polar molecules as non-polar stationary phases do, while at the same time they have a high affinity for polar molecules like polyethylene glycol (wax)...

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“…However, alkyl PAHs, which are important components of the entire PAHs family, have received less attention [3]. The reported concentrations of alkyl PAHs were quite comparable to those of their parent forms in air [4], water [5] and sediment samples [6]. In crude oil, the parent PAHs constitute 1-3% of the total PAH content, and alkyl PAHs typically comprise more than 90% of the total PAH content [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, studies on the measurement of alkyl PAHs and PAH metabolites are still rather limited, especially for alkyl PAHs. Several studies proposed methods, such as gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [3,6,12] and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [13]. In general, these methods were expensive, time-consuming, and required complicated pretreatment procedures, which are disadvantageous for routine environmental monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of 9-ethylphenanthrene, pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene in an aqueous solution by synchronous fluorimetry using the double scans method and hydroxyl-propyl beta-cyclodextrin as a sensitizer

Zhang

Zhu

Zhang

2015

Talanta

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Identification and quantification of methylated PAHs in sediment by two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes

Time to Say Goodbye to the 16 EPA PAHs? Toward an Up-to-Date Use of PACs for Environmental Purposes

Retention Behaviour of Alkylated and Non-Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Different Types of Stationary Phases in Gas Chromatography

Simultaneous determination of 9-ethylphenanthrene, pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene in an aqueous solution by synchronous fluorimetry using the double scans method and hydroxyl-propyl beta-cyclodextrin as a sensitizer

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