Identification, Determination, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Styrene Trimer Contained in Polystyrene Food Containers. 2

Hirano, Seishiro; Tanaka, Masaharu; Date, Katsuhiro; Ohno, Katsutoshi; Kobayashi, Kazuhiro; Sakurai, Takanobu; Nagao, Yasuhiro; Nobuhara, Yoichi; Yamada, Toshihiro

doi:10.1021/jf010163m

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…28,46 In one of the few works with experimental evidence, Hirano et al identified a styrene trimer (1,3,5-triphenylcyclohexane) in the extracts of PS food packaging. 56 After both in vitro and in vivo tests this oligomer showed no endocrine-disrupting effect.…”

Section: Toxicological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…No evidence of genotoxicity or endocrine disruption was found. Nakai and co-workers also came to the conclusion that the risk of genotoxicity due to the consumption of the styrene oligomers that migrated from PS packaging into the food is very low. , In one of the few works with experimental evidence, Hirano et al identified a styrene trimer (1,3,5-triphenylcyclohexane) in the extracts of PS food packaging . After both in vitro and in vivo tests this oligomer showed no endocrine-disrupting effect.…”

Section: Pes and Ps Oligomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(butylene terephthalate), and Polystyrene Oligomers: Occurrence and Analysis in Food Contact Materials and Food

Lopes

Tsochatzis

2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Polyesters (PES) and polystyrene (PS) are among the most used plastics in the production of food contact materials (FCM). The existence of compounds that could migrate from these materials into food requires a constant analytical control to ensure the safety of consumers due to consumption. It also implies a significant research challenge for their identification and quantification. One of the most important groups of known FCM migrants are the substances known as oligomers. PES and PS oligomers have long been suspected to possess some toxicological effects. The International Agency for Research on Cancer and the European Food Safety Authority alerted recently to the potential carcinogenicity of styrene, with its oligomers consequently being also in the spotlight. At the same time, PES cyclic oligomers are categorized as having Cramer III toxicity. Many recent works on the occurrence of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), and PS oligomers in FCM and food have been published. The oligomeric chemical analysis requires the use of demanding analytical strategies to address their different physicochemical characteristics (melting points, octanol/water partition coefficients, and solubility properties). Chromatographic methods are normally preferred due to the intrinsic complexity of the target matrices, but the reduced amount of reliable analytical standards still hinders the widespread screening analysis of oligomers in food. This work presents the most relevant recent studies and analytical methodologies used in the analysis of PET, PBT, and PS oligomers in food and FCM, as well as current and future challenges.

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Section: Toxicological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Pes and Ps Oligomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(butylene terephthalate), and Polystyrene Oligomers: Occurrence and Analysis in Food Contact Materials and Food

Lopes

Tsochatzis

2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…When using food simulants (Table 2), in some cases n-heptane was used (Hirano et al 2001;Kaneko et al 1999;Kawamura et al 1998aKawamura et al , 1998bYamada et al 2000a), which is not a food simulant according to Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 and thus might not lead to results comparable to real food. Furthermore, the measured content of the SD and ST in food simulants is quite high when typical simulants for fatty food are used.…”

Section: Contents Of So In Fcm and Migration Into Food/food Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Migration of styrene oligomers from food contact materials: in silico prediction of possible genotoxicity

et al. 2022

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Styrene oligomers (SO) are well-known side products formed during styrene polymerization. They consist mainly of dimers (SD) and trimers (ST) that have been shown to be still residual in polystyrene (PS) materials. In this study migration of SO from PS into sunflower oil at temperatures between 5 and 70 °C and contact times between 0.5 h and 10 days was investigated. In addition, the contents of SD and ST in the fatty foodstuffs créme fraiche and coffee cream, which are typically enwrapped in PS, were measured and the amounts detected (of up to 0.123 mg/kg food) were compared to literature data. From this comparison, it became evident, that the levels of SO migrating from PS packaging into real food call for a comprehensive risk assessment. As a first step towards this direction, possible genotoxicity has to be addressed. Due to technical and experimental limitations, however, the few existing in vitro tests available are unsuited to provide a clear picture. In order to reduce uncertainty of these in vitro tests, four different knowledge and statistics-based in silico tools were applied to such SO that are known to migrate into food. Except for SD4 all evaluated SD and ST showed no alert for genotoxicity. For SD4, either the predictions were inconclusive or the substance was assigned as being out of the chemical space (out of domain) of the respective in silico tool. Therefore, the absence of genotoxicity of SD4 requires additional experimental proof. Apart from SD4, in silico studies supported the limited in vitro data that indicated the absence of genotoxicity of SO. In conclusion, the overall migration of all SO together into food of up to 50 µg/kg does not raise any health concerns, given the currently available in silico and in vitro data.

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“…2 Studies have been reported on the presence of styrene monomers, trimers, and oligomers in the leachates of waste dump yards. [3][4][5] In addition, the presence of styrene in water bodies, industrial effluents, and soil has been reported in the literature. 6,7 Detailed studies on the harmful effects of styrene, toluene, phenol, and formaldehyde on the environment have also been reported in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the styrene metabolism by aerobic bacterial isolates for the effective management of leachates in an aqueous system

et al. 2020

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Identification, Determination, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Styrene Trimer Contained in Polystyrene Food Containers. 2

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(butylene terephthalate), and Polystyrene Oligomers: Occurrence and Analysis in Food Contact Materials and Food

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(butylene terephthalate), and Polystyrene Oligomers: Occurrence and Analysis in Food Contact Materials and Food

Migration of styrene oligomers from food contact materials: in silico prediction of possible genotoxicity

Exploring the styrene metabolism by aerobic bacterial isolates for the effective management of leachates in an aqueous system

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