Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR: the first step of detoxication

Optimization of an effective extraction procedure for the analysis of microcystins in soils and lake sediments

“…Microcystin-RR, LR, and [Dha 7 ]LR were isolated from a laboratory mass culture of Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 and cyanobacterial blooms collected from Lake Dianchi using an improved Ramanan method (Ramanan et al, 2000;Chen et al, 2004). In this method, the extraction of Microcystis cells was sequentially applied to an ODS column, preparative HPLC (Waters 590), thin-layer chromatogram (TLC), and Sep-pak plus PS-2 cartridges.…”

“…There have already been a number of studies on the fate of microcystins in water columns and aquatic organisms (Lahti et al, 1997;Pflugmacher et al, 1998;Ishii et al, 2004). However, only a few studies on the fate of microcystins in lake sediment and soils are available (Tsuji et al, 2001;Holst et al, 2003).…”

Sorption, degradation and mobility of microcystins in Chinese agriculture soils: risk assessment for groundwater protection

“…There is much research on the fate of MCs in water columns and aquatic organisms (Ishii et al, 2004;Lahti et al, 1997;Pflugmacher et al, 1998). However, to our knowledge, very little information is available on the fate of MCs in soils (Morris et al, 2000;Tsuji et al, 2001).…”

Quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of microcystin-RR and its glutathione and cysteine conjugates in fish plasma and bile

“…Previous studies have shown that GSH plays an important role in the detoxification of MCs in aquatic animals. The microcystin-glutathione conjugate has been demonstrated to form via glutathione S-transferase, which appeared to be the first step of detoxification, and then degraded to the cysteine conjugate [10][11][12][13]. However, these studies focused only on qualitative analyses.…”