“…Many research attempts have been made until today to improve the performance of the concrete beams and columns. In this regard, the idea of the confined concrete was introduced, developed and tested by several researchers to improve the bearing capacity and ductility of the reinforced concrete (RC) columns (Wang et al, 2021;Siddiqui et al, 2020;Eslami et al, 2020) and reinforced concrete (RC) beams (Mansour et al, 2021;Nguyen et al, 2020;Li et al, 2021;Abdeljawad et al, 2020;Ism and Rabie, 2019;Campione and Cannella, 2020;Mucedero et al, 2020;Abderezak et al, 2018;Kosmidou et al, 2018;Stoner and Polak, 2020;Irshidat and Alhusban, 2021). Recently, transverse spiral reinforcement has introduced by the scientists as an effective approach to improve the performance of RC columns.…”