Identification of transformation products of denatonium – Occurrence in wastewater treatment plants and surface waters

Lege, Sascha; Eisenhofer, Anna; Heras, Jorge Eduardo Yanez; Zwiener, Christian

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.423

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Anodic Oxidation. EO experiments were performed in an in-house-made electrochemical (EC) cell modified from Lege, et al 48 based on a 100 mL glass beaker. A conductive BDD DIACHEM electrode (A = 4.4 cm 2 ) with a 10 μm diamond layer on a niobium base (CONDIAS, Germany) was used as a working electrode.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester—Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals

Zweigle

Bugsel

Schmitt

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) are widely used for paper and cardboard impregnation and discharged via waste streams from production processes and consumer products. To improve the knowledge about the environmental fate of diPAPs, electrochemical oxidation (EO) was used to characterize the transformation pathways and reaction kinetics. 6:2 diPAP was transformed electrochemically to perfluorocarboxylic acids (C 5 −C 7 PFCAs) and two intermediates (6:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, FTCA, and 6:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid, FTUCA). EO of potential intermediates 6:2 monoPAP and 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) showed similar transformation products but with different ratios. We show that 6:2 diPAP is initiated by OH radical ( • OH) reactions, as evidenced by the measured steady-state concentrations of • OH with the probe molecule terephthalic acid, quenching experiments, and pH dependency of the reaction. PFHpA was the main product of 6:2 diPAP oxidation, and it was formed in a pseudo-first-order reaction for which a bimolecular rate constant was estimated to be • k OH,diPAP form PFHpA = 9.4(±1.4) × 10 7 M −1 s −1 by an initial rate approach. This can be utilized to estimate the environmental half-life of 6:2 diPAP for the reaction with • OH and the formation kinetics of persistent PFCAs.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester—Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals

Zweigle

Bugsel

Schmitt

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…DB was found in all the effluent samples of 22 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, with a maximum concentration up to 341 ng‧L -1 . Afterwards, it was also detected in the receiving river waters (Lege et al, 2019(Lege et al, , 2017. WWTPs were considered the major source of DB in the natural environment (Lege et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and application of diffusive gradients in thin-films for in situ sampling of the bitterest chemical – denatonium benzoate in waters

Liu

Chen

et al. 2021

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…Equally concerning, current evidence point towards a high environmental persistence of DB with no signi cant elimination once it is released into surface waters. Under favorable conditions, indirect photodegradation of DB can occur, but this mechanism is considered to be very slow [4].Together this predicts that environmental DB levels will continue to accumulate to reach adversely high levels impacting both aquatic species and humans. Therefore, it is imperative to closely watch the gradually increasing concentrations of DB and its biodegradation products, and to provide better assessment of the potential risks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Denatonium benzoate (DB), the bitterest compound known to man, is intentionally applied to a wide range of products (e.g. antifreeze, nger paints, and detergents) to prevent intended or accidental consumption [4].This compound is also found in numerous cosmetics and other personal care products due to the utilization of denatured alcohol [5]. In agreement with its usage patterns, DB was recently identi ed as a wastewater borne micropollutant in the environment, reaching concentrations up to 400 ng L − 1 in surface water [6].…”

Section: Backgruoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Denatonium Benzoate Exposure Promotes IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation and Allergy By Upregulating FcεRIα Expression

Shi

Xie

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Denatonium benzoate (DB), one of the bitterest compounds known to man, is currently added to a wide range of products and is also used for alcohol denaturation. Some reports demonstrated that asthmatic symptoms are associated with DB exposure but the possible links between DB and IgE-mediated allergy susceptibility have not been examined to date. We investigated the effects of DB on IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation in vitro and in the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of allergy.Methods: DB treatments were given to RBL-2H3 IgE-sensitized rat mast cell/basophil cells and KU812 human basophilic cells together with OVA-induced allergic BALB/c mice. Allergic mediator release, Ca2+ influx and OVA-specific IgE anaphylactic shock symptoms were measured along with the cell-surface expression of the α-subunit of high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI on mast cells.Results: DB increases β-hexosaminidase (β-hex) release and Ca2+ mobilization in IgE-mediated activated RBL-2H3 and KU812 cells, and enhanced the cell-surface expression of FcεRIα. DB also promoted the severity of OVA-induced anaphylactic and diarrheic symptoms which was accompanied by mucus thickness in jejunum and the levels of β-hex, histamine and OVA-specific IgE in allergy mice, as well as the levels of FcεRIα mRNA and the FcεRIα proteinin isolated mucosal mast cells. Conclusions: DB treatments can promote the IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation in vitro and OVA-induced allergic susceptibility in mice by upregulating mast-cell-surface FcεR1α expression, providing evidence for DB exposure in promoting allergy susceptibility.

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Identification of transformation products of denatonium – Occurrence in wastewater treatment plants and surface waters

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester—Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals

Electrochemical Oxidation of 6:2 Polyfluoroalkyl Phosphate Diester—Simulation of Transformation Pathways and Reaction Kinetics with Hydroxyl Radicals

Development and application of diffusive gradients in thin-films for in situ sampling of the bitterest chemical – denatonium benzoate in waters

Denatonium Benzoate Exposure Promotes IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Degranulation and Allergy By Upregulating FcεRIα Expression

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