Identification, quantification and distribution of substituted phenols in the dissolved and suspended phases of water samples by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Derivatization, mass fragmentation and acquisition studies

Faludi, T.; Vasanits-Zsigrai, A.; Záray, Gy.; Molnár-Perl, I.

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2014.07.015

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…[38] The South African country's wastewater is more polluted by PCs than Hungary with concentrations of nd to 0.074 μg L −1 . [42] The sediment analysis of this study gave a maximum concentration of 134 μg kg −1 , which was higher than concentrations of 2.20-24.50 μg kg −1 obtained by Oketola et al in Ogun and Ibeche River and with nd to 0.90 μg kg −1 at New Calabar River, both in Nigeria. [41,46] The concentrations of PCs obtained in African countries are lower than a study done in Hungary (nd to 2910 μg kg −1 ) by Faludi et al and in China at Weihe River (3.54 × 10 3 to 34.09 × 10 3 μg kg −1 ) by Chen et al, but higher than those reported in China (0.0963-0.448 μg kg −1 ) at Yinma River Basin by Zhou and Sun.…”

Section: F I G U R Econtrasting

confidence: 69%

Phenolic compounds—Occurrence in water, sediment and sludge, and ecological risk evaluation

Ndwabu

Malungana

Mahlambi

2023

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Ten phenolic compounds (PC) concentration levels were determined in river water, wastewater, sediments and sludge using solid phase extraction (SPE) microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic extraction (UE), and their ecological risk was evaluated. All the extraction methods showed good sensitivity with limit of detection and limit of quantification values at 0.01–2.00 and 0.02–6.07 µg L−1 for SPE, 0.05–1.20 and 0.17–3.17 µg kg−1 for MAE and 0.09–1.33 and 0.26–3.54 µg kg−1 for UE, correspondingly. Recovery ranges of 75.2–112% (SPE), 80.9–110% (MAE) and 79.3–119% (UE) were obtained. The PC concentrations in wastewater matrix were within the maximum allowable limit except for 2,4‐dichlorophenol at sampling point wdv4. In river water, at Camps Drift the highest concentrations compared to other sampling points was measured, however, all were within the acceptable limits. The risk quotient values exhibited high ecological risk in majority of the sites, with effects range median values indicating toxic effects to the surroundings likely to occur frequently. The probable carcinogenic risk potential was notably found to be high for adults with increment life cancer risk through dermal exposure (ILCRderm) values of 5.34 × 10−2 and 5.92 × 10−2 compared to that for children at 1.26 × 10−2 and 1.39 × 10−2 for both sludge and sediment samples.

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Section: F I G U R Econtrasting

confidence: 69%

Phenolic compounds—Occurrence in water, sediment and sludge, and ecological risk evaluation

Ndwabu

Malungana

Mahlambi

2023

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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“…Despite the restrictions in the use of NP and OP, both compounds continue to be present in rivers worldwide at concentrations that often overpass the EQS. The Danube river basin, with million inhabitants, contained NP at 30e320 ng/L along the basin (Faludi et al, 2015). NP was detected at 860 ng/L in Redwood River (Minnesota, USA), a low-density river but with important agriculture activities (Writer et al, 2012).…”

Section: Alkylphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, toxicity and risk assessment of plastic additives in Besos river, Spain

et al. 2021

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“…It is polar and only moderately hydrophobic, with a log octanol–water partition coefficient ( K OW ) of 3.3 (USEPA, 2019a ). It is more volatile (median V P = 0.24 Pa) and less soluble (median S w = 0.3 g/L) than BAC and BZT (Faludi et al, 2015 ; Kim et al, 2016 ; USEPA, 2019a ; Yalkowsky & He, 2003 ). It is biodegradable (see section PCMX exposure assessment for details).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Risk Analysis for Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, and Chloroxylenol in US Disinfecting and Sanitizing Products

Fuchsman

Fetters²,

O’Connor

et al. 2022

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

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Use of three topical antiseptic compounds-benzalkonium chloride (BAC), benzethonium chloride (BZT), and chloroxylenol (PCMX)-has recently increased because of the phaseout of other antimicrobial ingredients (such as triclosan) in soaps and other disinfecting and sanitizing products. Further, use of sanitizing products in general increased during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. We assessed the environmental safety of BAC, BZT, and PCMX based on best available environmental fate and effects data from the scientific literature and privately held sources. The ecological exposure assessment focused on aquatic systems receiving effluent from wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) and terrestrial systems receiving land-applied WWTP biosolids. Recent exposure levels were characterized based on environmental monitoring data supplemented by modeling, while future exposures were modeled based on a hypothetical triclosan replacement scenario. Hazard profiles were developed based on acute and chronic studies examining toxicity to aquatic life (fish, invertebrates, algae, vascular plants) and terrestrial endpoints (plants, soil invertebrates, and microbial functions related to soil fertility). Risks to higher trophic levels were not assessed because these compounds are not appreciably bioaccumulative. The risk analysis indicated that neither BZT nor PCMX in any exposure media is likely to cause adverse ecological effects under the exposure scenarios assessed in the present study. Under these scenarios, total BAC exposures are at least three times less than estimated effect thresholds, while margins of safety for freely dissolved BAC are estimated to be greater than an order of magnitude. Because the modeling did not specifically account for COVID-19 pandemic-related usage, further environmental monitoring is anticipated to understand potential changes in environmental exposures as a result of increased antiseptic use. The analysis presented provides a framework to interpret future antiseptic monitoring results, including monitoring parameters and modeling approaches to address bioavailability of the chemicals of interest.

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Identification, quantification and distribution of substituted phenols in the dissolved and suspended phases of water samples by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Derivatization, mass fragmentation and acquisition studies

Cited by 18 publications

References 39 publications

Phenolic compounds—Occurrence in water, sediment and sludge, and ecological risk evaluation

Phenolic compounds—Occurrence in water, sediment and sludge, and ecological risk evaluation

Occurrence, toxicity and risk assessment of plastic additives in Besos river, Spain

Ecological Risk Analysis for Benzalkonium Chloride, Benzethonium Chloride, and Chloroxylenol in US Disinfecting and Sanitizing Products

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