Identifying the underlying mechanisms responsible for glenohumeral internal rotation in professional baseball pitchers

Paul, Ryan W.; Erickson, Brandon J.; Cohen, Steven B.; Ciccotti, Michael G.; Hefta, Michael; Buchheit, Paul; Rauch, Joseph; Fcasni, Shawn; Plum, Alex; Hoback, Aaron; Thomas, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/j.jseint.2022.09.005

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Studies should investigate the source of these adaptations, and whether they are due to soft-tissue or bony changes. A recent study by Paul et al 31 investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for IR in baseball players, and found that there was increased humeral retroversion and posterior capsule thickness. Unfortunately, Paul et al 31 could not determine a cause-and-effect relationship, and it is unknown whether these changes are due to baseball, or that baseball players have a greater retroversion and capsule thickness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder range of motion in competitive tennis players: systematic review and meta-analysis

Garret,

Cuinet,

van Rooij

et al. 2024

JSES International

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder range of motion in competitive tennis players: systematic review and meta-analysis

Garret,

Cuinet,

van Rooij

et al. 2024

JSES International

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“…The rotator cuff and deltoid muscles' compressive force stabilizes the arm in the glenoid cavity, which in turn stabilizes the dynamics of the shoulder joint. However, to stimulate the arm to decelerate during the deceleration phase of the overhead throwing, the rotator muscles of the posterior region of the shoulder should be eccentrically contracted [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of 8-week Online Scapular-focused Training on Scapular Kinematics, Proprioception, and Selected Muscles Strength in Female Volleyball Players With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit

Shahsaheb,

Minonejad,

Zandi

2023

PTJ

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Purpose: One of the most significant risk factors for throwing athletes is an internal rotation deficit of the shoulder joint. This study aims to investigate 8-week online scapular-focused training on the scapular kinematics, proprioception, and strength of particular shoulder muscles in female volleyball players with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. Methods: The present study was conducted using a two-group with pre and post-test design. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 female athletes with abnormalities in the shoulder joint’s internal rotation were split into two groups, experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). In the pre-test, goniometers were used to measure shoulder range of motion, isokinetic devices were used to measure proprioception and rotator cuff muscle strength, and inclinometers were used to measure scapular kinematics. The experimental group’s participants underwent 8-week online scapular-focused training, lasting 30 minutes over three sessions each week. These exercises encompassed strength (with TheraBand) and stretching activities. Ultimately, intra-group and inter-group differences were examined using SPSS software, version 20 using paired t-tests and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of 0.95. Results: The results of paired t-test revealed that only the experimental group and the pre-test and post-test had a significant difference in all study variables (P<0.05). Additionally, the results of the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups’ shoulder proprioception at 45° and 90° in the post-test (P=0.001 and P=0.01, respectively). The two groups also differed significantly in the scapular kinematics at all angles of 45°, 90°, and 135° as well as at the limit of the shoulder’s range of motion (P=0.01, P=0.04, P=0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). Additionally, significant differences were observed between the two groups in all variables of isokinetic strength of concentric internal rotation, isokinetic strength of concentric external rotation, isokinetic strength of eccentric internal rotation, and isokinetic strength of eccentric external rotation (P=0.001, P=0.02, and P=0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that 8-week online scapular-focused training improves scapular kinematics, proprioception, and shoulder internal and external rotator muscle strength in female volleyball players experiencing internal rotation deficiencies of the shoulder joint. It is advised that coaches, experts, and occupational therapists employ these workouts to enhance the aforementioned factors in female volleyball players experiencing shoulder internal rotation deficiencies.

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Relationship Between Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Lower-Limb Flexibility in College Baseball Players

Ishigaki

Hirokawa

Ezawa

et al. 2023

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Posterior shoulder tightness evaluated as limited glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction is a risk factor for throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries. Given that the throwing motion uses the entire body kinematics, limited lower-limb flexibility might be associated with posterior shoulder tightness. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationships between posterior shoulder tightness and lower-limb flexibility in college baseball players. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Twenty-two college baseball players (20 right-handed and 2 left-handed). Methods: To investigate the relationships between glenohumeral range of motion and lower-limb flexibility using simple linear regression analysis, we measured passive range of motion of glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction, hip internal/external rotation in the prone/sitting position, ankle dorsiflexion, and quadriceps and hamstrings flexibility from both shoulders and legs. Results: Our analysis indicated that decreases in the lead leg hip external rotation in the prone position were moderately associated with limitations in glenohumeral internal rotation (R2 = .250, β [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.500 [0.149 to 1.392], P = .018) and horizontal adduction (R2 = .200, β [95% CI] = 0.447 [0.051 to 1.499], P = .019) on the throwing shoulder. Furthermore, there were significant moderate relationships between decreases in glenohumeral internal rotation and limited lead leg quadriceps flexibility (R2 = .189, β [95% CI] = 0.435 [0.019 to 1.137], P = .022), and between decreases in glenohumeral horizontal adduction and limited stance leg ankle dorsiflexion (R2 = .243, β [95% CI] = 0.493 [0.139 to 1.438], P = .010). Conclusion: College baseball players with limited lower-limb flexibilities including the lead leg hip external rotation in the prone position, the lead leg quadriceps flexibility, and the stance leg ankle dorsiflexion showed excessive posterior shoulder tightness. The current results support the hypothesis that lower-limb flexibility is associated with posterior shoulder tightness in college baseball players.

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Identifying the underlying mechanisms responsible for glenohumeral internal rotation in professional baseball pitchers

Cited by 4 publications

References 26 publications

Shoulder range of motion in competitive tennis players: systematic review and meta-analysis

Shoulder range of motion in competitive tennis players: systematic review and meta-analysis

The Effect of 8-week Online Scapular-focused Training on Scapular Kinematics, Proprioception, and Selected Muscles Strength in Female Volleyball Players With Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit

Relationship Between Posterior Shoulder Tightness and Lower-Limb Flexibility in College Baseball Players

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