Identity and Ethnic/Racial Self-Labeling among Americans of Arab or Middle Eastern and North African Descent

Awad, Germine H.; Hashem, Hanan; Nguyen, Hien D.

doi:10.1080/15283488.2021.1883277

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The former has a desert environment and a more developed lifestyle, with large cities, while the latter has a cold mountain, agriculture environment mixed with more developed centers. Yemen's environment is quite diverse between desert, mountain, and valley environments, with poor civil life [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive factors associated with adjacent teeth root resorption of palatally impacted canines in Arabian population: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis

et al. 2022

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Background This study aimed to evaluate three-dimensionally the factors associated with adjacent teeth root resorption of palatally impacted canines. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, one-hundred and fourteen cone beam computed tomography scans with palatally impacted maxillary canines were evaluated for the presence of adjacent root resorption. Seven parameters were analyzed: alignment of maxillary incisors, presence of deciduous canines, first premolars’ roots configuration, impacted canines rotation, angulation of impacted canine to the midline, contact relationship, and area of contact with adjacent teeth. The association between dependent and independent qualitative and quantitative variables was analyzed using chi-square and independent student’s t-test, respectively. The multivariate analysis was performed using regression analysis. The significant value was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results The overall incidence of vertical, horizontal impaction and adjacent root resorption were 92, 8 and 77.2%, respectively. The apical third was the most involved area (57%); resorption of a single tooth was found in 21.9% of the total sample. The most common resorbed teeth were lateral first premolars (24.6%), followed by central lateral incisors (20.2%), and lateral incisors (15.8%) of the total sample. The severity of resorption was highest in grade I (31.5%) and lowest in grade III (7.6%). Three variables showed significant differences between resorption and non-resorption groups namely; canine rotation (P < 0.013), contact relationship (P < 0.001), and area of contact with adjacent teeth (P < 0.001). Regression analysis revealed an association between adjacent root resorption and permanent canine rotation, adjacent premolars’ roots configuration, contact relationship, and area of contact (P < 0.05). Conclusion Two-thirds of impacted maxillary canines showed a form of root resorption. The most commonly resorbed tooth was the lateral incisors while the least affected one was the central incisors with apical one-third being of the highest risk. The predisposing factors including the canine rotation, premolar with separated roots, contact relationship, and area of contact with adjacent teeth are to be considered for any interceptive treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive factors associated with adjacent teeth root resorption of palatally impacted canines in Arabian population: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis

et al. 2022

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“…The U.S. Census Bureau classifies Middle Eastern and North African people as racially White (Office of Management and Budget [OMB], 1997); yet, many Arab Americans do not self-identify as White (Abdulrahim et al, 2012; Read, 2008). In further support of this notion, Awad et al (2021) found that among 146 individuals of Middle Eastern and North African descent, 85% considered themselves to be an ethnic minority in the U.S. because of their experiences with discrimination and an underrepresentation of Arab Americans in leadership, media, and government. Scholars have considered Arab Americans to be an “invisible minority” in the U.S. (Naber, 2000).…”

Section: Racism Among Arab Americansmentioning

confidence: 98%

A structural model examining racism, stress, and psychological symptoms among Arab American adolescents.

Ahmed¹,

Serpas²,

Chavira³

et al. 2023

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

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Objective: Previous minority stress scholarship has investigated racism as both a constituent to stress and as an independent psychosocial stressor. It is generally understood that experiences of racism operate differently to affect mental health outcomes compared to general life stress. Racism is consistently implicated in poor psychological health outcomes among Arab Americans. Experiences of racism may be particularly harmful among Arab American adolescents who are in a critical developmental period. This study tested a minority stress framework among Arab American adolescents by examining the association between racism and psychological symptoms both directly and indirectly via stress. Method: The sample included 223 Arab American adolescents whose ages ranged from 13 to 18 (M = 15.63, SD = 1.26; 51.1% boys; 49.3% Lebanese) drawn from the Detroit metropolitan area. Participants responded to measures of racism, stress, and internalizing and externalizing psychological symptoms. Results: The structural equation model provided good model fit to the data and indirect effects testing showed that the association between racism and psychological symptoms via general stress was statistically significant (z = 3.48, p < .001). Greater racism was associated with more psychological symptoms in the presence and absence of general stress. The magnitude of the association between racism and psychological symptoms was attenuated with stress included in the model. The association remained statistically significant and reasonably robust. Conclusions: Findings support racism as both a unique construct and an adjunct to general stress that is positively correlated with psychological symptoms among Arab American adolescents. Public Significance StatementExperiences of racism both magnify and operate separate from general life stress. Both suppositions were supported in this study of Arab American adolescents. Racism was positively associated with psychological symptoms both in the presence and absence of general stress. Findings provide empirical support for a fundamental minority stress process among Arab American adolescents.

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“…Second, it is not clear how MENA individuals will self-identify (21). Identification as White was a conscious effort pursued by prior generations of immigrants to qualify for naturalization and signal their entry into the American mainstream (22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Middle Eastern and North African Americans may not be perceived, nor perceive themselves, to be White

Maghbouleh

Schachter

Flores

2022

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

107

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People of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent are categorized as non-White in many Western countries but counted as White on the US Census. Yet, it is not clear that MENA people see themselves or are seen by others as White. We examine both sides of this ethnoracial boundary in two experiments. First, we examined how non-MENA White and MENA individuals perceive the racial status of MENA traits (external categorization), and then, how MENA individuals identify themselves (self-identification). We found non-MENA Whites and MENAs consider MENA-related traits—including ancestry, names, and religion—to be MENA rather than White. Furthermore, when given the option, most MENA individuals self-identify as MENA or as MENA and White, particularly second-generation individuals and those who identify as Muslim. In addition, MENAs who perceive more anti-MENA discrimination are more likely to embrace a MENA identity, which suggests that perceived racial hostility may be activating a stronger group identity. Our findings provide evidence about the suitability of adding a separate MENA label to the race/ethnicity identification question in the US Census, and suggest MENAs’ official designation as White may not correspond to their lived experiences nor to others’ perceptions. As long as MENA Americans remain aggregated with Whites, potential inequalities they face will remain hidden.

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Identity and Ethnic/Racial Self-Labeling among Americans of Arab or Middle Eastern and North African Descent

Cited by 35 publications

References 25 publications

Predictive factors associated with adjacent teeth root resorption of palatally impacted canines in Arabian population: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis

Predictive factors associated with adjacent teeth root resorption of palatally impacted canines in Arabian population: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis

A structural model examining racism, stress, and psychological symptoms among Arab American adolescents.

Middle Eastern and North African Americans may not be perceived, nor perceive themselves, to be White

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