IgG and IgA with Potential Microbial-Binding Activity Are Expressed by Normal Human Skin Epidermal Cells

Abstract

The innate immune system of the skin is thought to depend largely on a multi-layered mechanical barrier supplemented by epidermis-derived antimicrobial peptides. To date, there are no reports of antimicrobial antibody secretion by the epidermis. In this study, we report the expression of functional immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA), previously thought to be only produced by B cells, in normal human epidermal cells and the human keratinocyte line HaCaT. While B cells express a fully diverse Ig, epidermal cell-expressed IgG or IgA showed one or two conservative VHDJH rearrangements in each individual. These unique VDJ rearrangements in epidermal cells were found neither in the B cell-derived Ig VDJ databases published by others nor in our positive controls. IgG and IgA from epidermal cells of the same individual had different VDJ rearrangement patterns. IgG was found primarily in prickle cells, and IgA was mainly detected in basal cells. Both epidermal cell-derived IgG and IgA showed potential antibody activity by binding pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogenic skin bacteria, but the microbial-binding profile was different. Our data indicates that normal human epidermal cells spontaneously express IgG and IgA, and we speculate that these Igs participate in skin innate immunity.

Effects of alanyl-glutamine supplementation on the small intestinal mucosa barrier in weaned piglets

“…SIgA is the most important member among the immunoglobulins and is secreted by lymphatic B cells and plays an essential immune role in preventing pathogenic agents colonizing the intestinal epithelium, as well as modulating the inflammatory response to maintain the intestinal homeostasis [28]. In addition, IgG and IgM are also involved in immune responses in the intestine [29,30]. The Gln is a primary fuel to be utilized by intraepithelial lymphocytes.…”

Influence of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) Particle Sizes on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and In Vivo Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential

“…It was~1.12 folds higher than control. IgG antibody plays a significant role in the immune response directly or by activating the other immune cells [55]. Therefore, the higher secretion of IgG in serum in the presence of G. frondosa further indicating their induced immunomodulating nature that helps to maintain the homeostasis in the body.…”

From Superficial Damage to Invasion of the Nucleosome: Ranking of Morbidities by the Biosemiotic Depth Hypothesis

“…Some of those non-self entities or components will need to be captured, interrogated, quarantined, or possibly destroyed and expelled. Throughout the development and growth process, corruptions of biosemiotic strings especially those that involve MHC/HLA II can result in the sort of confusion where the defense systems of the body mistake harmless antigens for dangerous pathogenic invaders, resulting in allergic reactions which in extreme cases may be fatal [196], or, with additional damage, may result in developmental autoimmune diseases targeting self-peptides, cells, tissues, and organs for immune attack and destruction [197], [198]. When that additional damage to biosemiotics systems occurs, the individual transitions from allergy, potentially fatal if carried to the extreme of anaphylaxis [199], to systemic autoimmune disease where immune defenses are turned upon selfpeptides, cells, and tissues [197], [198].…”