Ignition of solid materials and furniture by lighted cigarettes. A review

Holleyhead, R.

doi:10.1016/s1355-0306(99)72027-7

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Cigarettes are only able to ignite the most reactive gas and liquids. However, cigarettes can initiate smoldering fires and in some cases transition to flaming occur [32].…”

Section: The Shapes and Types Of Ignition Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of smoldering in cotton: Effects of density

Hagen¹,

Frette²,

Kleppe³

et al. 2011

Fire Safety Journal

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List of Papers vii List of Figures xiii Nomenclature xix A substantial amount of work has been done on smoldering fires. Reviews by Babrauskas [10], Ohlemiller [61] and Rein [72] display the complexity of smoldering fire. One of the less understood aspects is the transition from smoldering to flaming fire. Transition from smoldering to flaming fire has been reported by different researchers, but has not been studied systematically. Smoldering, on the other hand, has been thoroughly reported [59, 79]. Since the transition from smoldering to flaming is a concern for domestic fires, woodland fires, aeronautics and spaceflight [72], a better understanding of the mechanisms causing the transition is desirable. Earlier works show that density affects smoldering. Lawson found that cellulose insulation resistant to onset of smoldering at low densities, ignites and smolders at higher densities, i.e

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“…Cigarettes are only able to ignite the most reactive gas and liquids. However, cigarettes can initiate smoldering fires and in some cases transition to flaming occur [32].…”

Section: The Shapes and Types Of Ignition Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Onset of smoldering in cotton: Effects of density

Hagen¹,

Frette²,

Kleppe³

et al. 2011

Fire Safety Journal

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“…For example, temperatures of up to 900 ºC have been reported for situations simulating a smoker taking one last draw before discarding a cigarette. [94] However, these values are from the center of the coal rather than the tobacco shreds at the coal surface discussed by Liu and Woodcock.…”

Section: Infrared Devicesmentioning

confidence: 95%

Potential alternate smoldering ignition sources: literature review with analysis

Robbins¹,

Gann²

2011

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Existing and proposed U.S. flammability standards for soft furnishings such as mattresses and upholstered furniture specify a "standard" cigarette as the ignition source in smoldering resistance performance tests. With the introduction of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes into the marketplace, the specific conventional cigarette that has been widely used in testing for ignition resistance is no longer in production. A standard reference cigarette, SRM 1196, has been developed as a short-term replacement. However, to support furnishings manufacturers and testing organizations in product design and evaluation, and to assist regulators in the compliance evaluation process, a feasible and preferably non-agricultural ignition source with long-term availability is desirable. A key first step in establishing such a standard ignition source is examination of prior characterizations of smoldering ignition sources and the cigarette ignition process. This report documents a literature survey on these topics.

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“…106 Effect of sample size of PU foams under conditions simulating the real-life incidents was studied to evaluate the ignition behavior and spread of smoldering and flame propogation. 107 Fire patterns on upholstered furniture, 108 factors stimulating smoldering propensity in upholstered furniture, 109 ignition by lighted cigarettes, 110 thermal decomposition of flexible PU foams in air, 111 and influence of ignition location on flame spread and heat release rates 112 are also the subjects of investigations to draw more insights on the fire-catching behavior and flame retardancy of PU foams.…”

Section: Flame Retardants For Polyurethane Foamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

Yadav

Souza

Dawsey

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In modern society, the multifarious polymeric material polyurethane (PU) is used in household appliances and commercial sectors. Statistics shows the usage of PU as rigid and flexible foams is the highest among different PU-based materials. Industrially viable synthesis, tailor-made porosity and pore morphology, robustness to micro-organisms, weathering, hydrolytic degradation, and resistance to a wide range of chemicals are the excellent attributes of PU foams. Despite achieving significant attention in academia and industries, the prominent tendency to fire-catching or flammability and rapid-fire spread on ignition are the serious concerns of PU foams at their end-use. The figures on home fire accidents and associated fire injuries, loss of civilians, and properties primarily due to fire-catching of furniture are highly devastating. Therefore, a large volume of efforts has been dedicated to decorating flame retardancy in PU foams using a wide range of flame retardants (FRs) (in-situ or post-synthesis). Hence, the focus of this review is to summarize various FRs for rigid and flexible PU foams. The mechanism of flame retardancy, advantages and limitations of various FRs, and the past decade’s advancements achieved concerning the flame retardancy of PU foams have been explored.

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Ignition of solid materials and furniture by lighted cigarettes. A review

Cited by 11 publications

References 52 publications

Onset of smoldering in cotton: Effects of density

Onset of smoldering in cotton: Effects of density

Potential alternate smoldering ignition sources: literature review with analysis

Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review

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