(ii) Frozen shoulder

Can shoulder range of movement be measured accurately using the Microsoft Kinect sensor plus Medical Interactive Recovery Assistant (MIRA) software?

“…Repeat measurement can help to track a patient's recovery or response to treatment. 3,13 Various methods of measurement have previously been employed including the traditional goniometer, questionnaires 13 , camcorders, electromagnetic sensors 15,16 and visual estimation to help manage shoulder rehabilitation 12 . An accurate, automated process may be more efficient and objective compared to traditional assessment 12,14 .…”

Complications Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Tear Repair

“… 18 , 23 , 34 , 42 , 44 The remaining 4 definitions were unspecific, although related to restriction in shoulder motion. 6 , 16 , 19 , 56 Huberty et al 19 relied on patient dissatisfaction with shoulder motion to define shoulder stiffness, and Bunker 6 presented shoulder stiffness as a morbidity that may result from local shoulder surgery. Threshold angle values to specify restrictions in shoulder motion differed ( Table 3 ).…”

“… g Frozen shoulder is well explained in this article but not as an adverse event or complication of the arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff: “Surgery may be another initiating factor, for instance breast surgery. It had been thought that it was the immobilization that led to the development of the frozen shoulder, but you will see, as our story unravels, it is more likely the molecular response to the injury or surgery that is responsible.” 6 (p12) h This definition by Papalia et al 36 was attributed to Tauro 49 ; however, the latter only discussed observations related to ROM deficit and occurrence of adhesive capsulitis symptoms. …”

“…The terms adhesive capsulitis, arthrofibrosis, and capsular synovitis are related to frozen shoulder, which was first described in 1934 as “a fairly distinct clinical entity” developing slowly without association with trauma or surgery. 6 A recent consensus definition of frozen shoulder distinguished between primary (idiopathic) and secondary frozen shoulder, the latter being further classified as intrinsic, extrinsic, or systemic depending on the identified etiology or associated condition. 57 Surgery is not considered a possible intrinsic etiological factor in this definition, which in fact, was not developed in the context of the occurrence of postoperative negative events.…”

“…In effect, postoperative shoulder stiffness may not be associated with pain during rest, 30 which almost systematically characterizes the occurrence of idiopathic frozen shoulder. 6 …”