IL-33 regulates gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells independently of its nuclear localization

Abstract

IL-33 is a cytokine found in the extracellular space (mature IL-33) or in the cell nucleus (full-length IL-33). Nuclear accumulation of IL-33 has been reported in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) during intestinal inflammation and cancer, but a functional role for this nuclear form remains unclear. To study the role of nuclear IL-33 in IEC, we generated transgenic mice expressing full-length IL-33 in the intestinal epithelium (Vfl33 mice). Expression of full-length IL-33 in the epithelium resulted in accumulation of IL-33 protein in the nucleus and secretion of IL-33. Over-expression of full-length IL-33 by IEC did not promote gut inflammation, but induced expression of genes in the IEC and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) that correlated negatively with genes expressed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Because the IL-33 receptor ST2 is expressed by IEC, there was the potential that both the mature and full-length forms could mediate this effect. To specifically interrogate the transcriptional role of nuclear IL-33, we intercrossed the Vfl33 mice with ST2-deficient mice. ST2 deficiency completely abrogated the transcriptional effects elicited by IL-33 expression, suggesting that the transcriptional effects of IL-33 on IEC are mediated by its mature, not its nuclear form.HighlightsExpression of full-length IL-33 in the epithelium resulted in accumulation of IL-33 protein in the nucleus and secretion of IL-33.Full-length IL-33 induced differential gene expression in IEC and LPL that was negatively associated with intestinal inflammatory diseasesIL-33 regulated gene expression in IEC via its extracellular (mature) form not via its nuclearform.