Illegal fishing and catch potentials among small-scale fishers: application of an endogenous Switching regression model

Abstract

Capture fish stocks are facing an increasing threat of extinction, partly due to the use of illegal fishing methods. In developing coastal countries – where fishing activities are the mainstay of the population along the coast – livelihoods are being directly threatened. Although a number of studies exist on fishing regulations and those who violate them, little has been done on the relationship between intrinsic catch potentials/fishing skills and illegal fishing behavior. Using data on violations of light attraction regulation among small-scale fishers in Ghana, our results show that the risk of punishment, the amount of fishing experience, the skipper's age, and religious norms all influence the decision to violate fishing regulations. Most importantly, we found that violators and non-violators have different fishing skills. Consequently, policies targeting illegal fishing must focus on equalizing efficiency and/or fishing skills among the fishermen as well as on traditional variables that influence violation decisions.

Farmers' Adaptation to Extreme Weather Events through Farm Management and Its Impacts on the Mean and Risk of Rice Yield in China

“…On the other hand, ρ j has a negative sign and is statistically significant in the adapters' equation, indicating that adapters have lower variance of rice yield than a random household in the sample (Akpalu and Normanyo 2014). ATT represents the effect of the treatment (i.e., adaptation) on the treated (i.e., farmers that adapted), while ATU represents the effect of the treatment (i.e., adaptation) on the untreated (i.e., farmers that did not adapt).…”

The adoption and impact of engineering‐type measures to address climate change: evidence from the major grain‐producing areas in China

“…It is noteworthy that if the coefficient of correlation and are statistically significant, such that the decision to adapt and the outcome are correlated. This implies that there is evidence of endogenous switching and the null hypothesis indicating the absence of sample selectivity bias is rejected (Abdulai and Huffman ; Akpalu and Normanyo ). The signs of the correlation coefficients and have economic interpretation.…”

“…(), Di Falco et al . () and Akpalu and Normanyo (), the change in outcome for the adoption of engineering measures can then be specified as the difference between adoption and nonadoption. To estimate the adaptation's net effect on crop yield and crop net income, some further calculations are required.…”

Long-term trends accentuate the import of creative and critical thinking skills developed by design thinking and ill-defined questions

“…Under these circumstances, illegal fishing can be curtailed by altering the transgressors' calculus, i.e. increasing fines and the probability of detection while also providing training that enhances the illegal fishers' skills and thereby reduces the benefit of illegal fishing (Akpalu and Normanyo, 2014).…”