Illicit drugs

Dhingra, Deepika; Kaur, Savleen; Ram, Jagat

doi:10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1210_17

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Some studies demonstrate that pupillary constriction is present especially immediately after intake, others evince an important and lasting mydriasis. 12 In our study we cannot rule out that the cannabinoids taken by the patients, causing a mydriatic response, have facilitated the entrance of the laser rays, and consequently, the retinal damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Macular hemorrhage after laser exposure and cannabinoid intake during a disco party

Fossataro

Pece

Belotti

et al. 2021

American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports

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Purpose To describe two cases of macular hemorrhage in young patients, both occurred after laser exposure and cannabinoid intake during a disco party. Observations Case 1: a 21-year-old man was evaluated at our Emergency Unit for sudden vision loss in the right eye (RE). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was count fingers in the RE and 20/20 in the left eye (LE). Fundus examination revealed a broad pre-retinal hemorrhage in macular region of RE, confirmed by optical coherence tomography. The patient reported vision loss, suddenly occurred after fixation of a laser source and cannabinoid intake during a disco party the night before. We administered a macular supplement and closely followed up the patient. After two months BCVA of the right eye was 20/20. Case 2 The following day another 21-year-old man was referred to our Emergency Unit complaining of sudden vision loss in LE. As in Case 1, he reported to have fixed a laser beam as well as the consumption of cannabinoids at the same disco. BCVA was count fingers in the LE and 20/20 in the RE. Fundus examination showed a broad pre-retinal hemorrhage in macular region of LE. He had taken the macular supplement for two months and then the hemorrhage was reabsorbed. Conclusion and importance Laser exposure must be considered as a possible cause of macular hemorrhage. Furthermore, low cost of drugs and lack of formal control of laser sources may increase the emergence of new cases of retinal injuries especially among young people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Macular hemorrhage after laser exposure and cannabinoid intake during a disco party

Fossataro

Pece

Belotti

et al. 2021

American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports

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“…During life, exogenous substances, such as alcohol, opioids, etc can affect the eye in a variety of ways, including causing a change in pupillary size and pupillary reaction to light 38 . However, these changes may or may no longer be apparent after death 18 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 During life, exogenous substances, such as alcohol, opioids, etc can affect the eye in a variety of ways, including causing a change in pupillary size and pupillary reaction to light. 38 However, these changes may or may no longer be apparent after death. 18 Spontaneous post-mortem changes in pupil size have been described to follow a chronological sequence by numerous studies using experimental animal models and in post-mortem human observational studies.…”

Section: Iris and Pupilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eye in Forensic Medicine: A Narrative Review

Ang

Collis

Dhillon

et al. 2021

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology

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The eye, with its distinctive anatomy, not only reflects a wide variety of diseases in life but also undergoes a myriad of post-mortem changes. Consequently, the eye has long been an area of interest in forensic science, primarily for the estimation of post-mortem interval and therefore the time of death and also for assistance in ascertaining the cause of death. There has been significant progress in the knowledge of ophthalmic forensic science using new technologies which have allowed further possibilities to arise where understanding of this field can assist the forensic pathologist. This review aims to highlight the current knowledge which exists in this field and also to identify important avenues for further investigation. Post-mortem changes of the eye along with its current applications and challenges will be discussed. These include the important areas of post-mortem iris biometrics, pupil size correlation with post-mortem interval, use of point-of-care technology on vitreous humor, and the use of ophthalmic imaging in pediatric abusive head trauma.

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“…In addition to ECG and HR, drug abuse has effects on pupil size (72). The features of ECG, GSP, and eye tracking that can indicate METH addiction are summarized in Tsai et al (73).…”

Section: Conventional Detection Techniques and Emerging Wearable Tech...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and future trends in wearable closed-loop neuromodulation to efficiently treat methamphetamine addiction

Chen

Yang

et al. 2023

Front. Psychiatry

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Achieving abstinence from drugs is a long journey and can be particularly challenging in the case of methamphetamine, which has a higher relapse rate than other drugs. Therefore, real-time monitoring of patients’ physiological conditions before and when cravings arise to reduce the chance of relapse might help to improve clinical outcomes. Conventional treatments, such as behavior therapy and peer support, often cannot provide timely intervention, reducing the efficiency of these therapies. To more effectively treat methamphetamine addiction in real-time, we propose an intelligent closed-loop transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) neuromodulation system based on multimodal electroencephalogram–functional near-infrared spectroscopy (EEG-fNIRS) measurements. This review summarizes the essential modules required for a wearable system to treat addiction efficiently. First, the advantages of neuroimaging over conventional techniques such as analysis of sweat, saliva, or urine for addiction detection are discussed. The knowledge to implement wearable, compact, and user-friendly closed-loop systems with EEG and fNIRS are reviewed. The features of EEG and fNIRS signals in patients with methamphetamine use disorder are summarized. EEG biomarkers are categorized into frequency and time domain and topography-related parameters, whereas for fNIRS, hemoglobin concentration variation and functional connectivity of cortices are described. Following this, the applications of two commonly used neuromodulation technologies, transcranial direct current stimulation and TMS, in patients with methamphetamine use disorder are introduced. The challenges of implementing intelligent closed-loop TMS modulation based on multimodal EEG-fNIRS are summarized, followed by a discussion of potential research directions and the promising future of this approach, including potential applications to other substance use disorders.

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Illicit drugs

Cited by 26 publications

References 94 publications

Macular hemorrhage after laser exposure and cannabinoid intake during a disco party

Macular hemorrhage after laser exposure and cannabinoid intake during a disco party

The Eye in Forensic Medicine: A Narrative Review

Challenges and future trends in wearable closed-loop neuromodulation to efficiently treat methamphetamine addiction

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